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Nome: -1_vulgate_silver_lead_teeth
Quantidade de documentos: 3634
The first type is that which draws together a particular affirmation from universal affirmations as much directly as indirectly, as: "Every just thing is decent; every decent thing is just; every just thing is good; therefore a particular decent thing is good, a particular good thing is decent."
Pagans imagine that there are three Fates - with the distaff, with the spindle, and with fingers spinning a thread from the wool - on account of the three tenses: the past, which is already spun and wound onto the spindle; the present, which is drawn between the fingers of the spinner; and the future, in the wool which is twisted onto the distaff, and which is yet to be drawn through the fingers of the spinner to the spindle, just as the present is yet to be drawn over to the past.
*µp?2oç µs2atva (i.e. black bryony), that is 'black vine' (vitis nigra), is also called 'wild vine' (labrusca); its leaves are like ivy's, and it is larger than white vine in every respect, with similar berries that grow black as they ripen, whence it took its name.
Nome: 0_snake_venom_tail_serpents
Quantidade de documentos: 193
People say that this is a clever fish, for when it is enclosed in a wicker trap, it does not break through with its brow or thrust its head through the opposing twigs, but, turning around, with repeated blows of its tail it widens an opening and so goes out backwards.
It is said that the eagle does not even avert its gaze from the sun; it offers its hatchlings, suspended from its talons, to the rays of the sun, and the ones it sees holding their gaze unmoving it saves as worthy of the eagle family, but those who turn their gaze away, it throws out as inferior.
It is said that hawks are undutiful toward their nestlings, for as soon as they see that the nestlings can try to fly, they no longer furnish them with any food, but beat their wings and cast them from the nest; and from infancy they compel them to hunt prey, lest perhaps as adults they should grow sluggish.
Nome: 1_9sot_greeks say_latin greeks_greek word
Quantidade de documentos: 154
21.A work consisting of many books is called a poesis by its Greek name; a poem (poema) is a work of one book, an idyll (idyllion), a work of few verses, a distich (distichon) of two verses, and a monostich (monostichon) of one verse.
Greeks speak appropriately of a 'letter' (epistola) - and it is translated "missive" (missa) in Latin - for otó2a or otó2ot are 'things sent off ' (missa) or 'people sent off' (missi).
Thus 9sotç means "positing," and the term has combined a Greek with a Latin word, for the element 9?ç means "deposit" in Greek, and Latin supplies aurum ("gold"), so that the word thesaurus sounds like the combination 'gold deposit.'
Nome: 2_save_tough_ahaziah grasps_translated language
Quantidade de documentos: 151
Osanna (i.e. hosanna) cannot entirely be translated into another language: osi means "save!"; anna is an interjection expressing the emotion of someone in a state of passionate beseeching.
Samson, "their sun" or "the strength of the sun," for he was famous for his strength and liberated Israel from its enemies.
Benjamin means "son of the right hand," that is, "of valor," for the right hand is called iamin.
Nome: 3_cloak_pilleum_wear_worn
Quantidade de documentos: 109
The white (candidus) toga, also the 'chalked' toga, is one that candidates (candidatus) seeking public office wore when they went round canvassing; chalk was added so that it would be whiter and more noticeable.
A mitra (i.e. a kind of head-dress, a bonnet) is a Phrygian pilleum (i.e. a cap), covering the head, the sort of ornament worn on the heads of women who have taken religious vows.
The redimiculum is what we call an apron or a bracile, because it comes down from the nape and is divided on either side of the neck, passing under each armpit and tying around below from either side, in such a way that it pulls in the breadth of the garment as it clothes the body, drawing it together and arranging it by means of its fastening (cf.
Nome: 4_years_40 years_40_16 years
Quantidade de documentos: 93
4773 Artaxerxes, 40 years.
4832 Artaxerxes, 40 years.
The first age, the infancy (infantia) of a newborn child, lasts seven years.
Nome: 5_vergil aen_aen_ship ship_vergil says
Quantidade de documentos: 92
Hypozeuxis is the figure opposite to the one above, where there is a separate phrase for each individual meaning, as (Vergil, Aen. 10.149): Regem adit et regi memorat nomenque genusque (He approaches the king and tells the king both his name and family).
But Vergil moderates this well, when he uses this figure not through the entire verse, like Ennius, but sometimes only at the beginning of a verse, as in this (Aen. 1.295): Saeva sedens super arma (Sitting over his savage weapons), and at other times at the end, as (Aen. 3.183): Sola mihi tales casus Cassandra canebat (Cassandra alone foretold to me such calamities).
Vergil, Aen. 2.348): Iuvenes, fortissima frustra pectora, si vobis audendi extrema cupido est certa sequi, quae sit rebus fortuna videtis.
Nome: 6_premise_syllogisms_dialectic_rhetoric
Quantidade de documentos: 90
2. Hence a syllogism consists of three parts: proposition (propositio, i.e. the major premise), the additional proposition (assumptio, i.e. the minor premise), and the conclusion (conclusio).
The parts of induction are three: first the proposition (i.e. the major premise); second the 'thing brought in' (illatio, from inferre, "infer"), also called the 'additional proposition' (assumptio, i.e. the minor premise); third the conclusion.
This class of arguments is divided into five types: first, 'by the character' (ex persona); second, 'by the authority of nature' (ex naturae auctoritate); third, 'by the circumstances of the authorities' (ex temporibus auctoritatum); fourth, 'from the sayings and deeds of ancestors' (ex dictis factisque maiorum); fifth, 'by torture' (ex tormentis).
Nome: 7_sidon_thebes_cadmus_egyptian thebes
Quantidade de documentos: 84
After Phoenix, the brother of Cadmus, moved from Egyptian Thebes to Syria, he reigned at Sidon and named those people Phoenicians and the province Phoenicia after his own name.
Phoenix, brother of Cadmus, came from Egyptian Thebes into Syria and ruled over Sidon, and this province was called Phoenicia after his name.
Caesar Augustus built Emerita (i.e. Merida) after he had seized the region of Lusitania and certain islands of the Ocean, giving it that name because there he stationed veteran soldiers - for veteran and retired soldiers are called emeriti.
Nome: 8_india_india produces_ethiopia_libya troglodytes
Quantidade de documentos: 82
India also produces the Cyclopes, and they are called Cyclops because they are believed to have a single eye in the middle of their foreheads.
It is said that in Indian marshes grow reeds and canes from whose roots is pressed a very sweet juice that people drink.
Ochre (ochra) itself is produced on the island Topazus in the Red Sea, where sandarach is also produced.
Nome: 9_ignarus_weary_worthless_ignorant ignarus
Quantidade de documentos: 82
And it is called ignominy (ignominium) as if it were the term for being sine nomine ("without reputation"), just as ignorant (ignarus) is without knowledge, and ignoble (ignobilis) is without nobilitas ("nobility").
Desperate (desperatus) is the common term for "bad" and "lost" and "without any hope (spes) of success"; it is likewise said of sick people who are weakened and given up as hopeless (sine spe).
Indigent (mendicus), so called because one has less (minus) from which he can carry on life - or, because it was the custom among the ancients for a destitute beggar to close his mouth and extend his hand, as if 'speak with the hand' (manu dicere).
Nome: 10_named king_son jupiter_sicyonians_thessalus
Quantidade de documentos: 78
The Hugnians were formerly called Huns, and afterwards - after the name of their king - Avars, and they first lived in farthest Maeotis, between the icy Tanais (i.e. the Don) and the savage peoples of the Massagetes.
Indeed it is customary for later kings to use the name of the first one, as among the Albans all the kings of the Albans are called Silvii after the name of Sylvius; similarly for the Persians the Arsacidae, for the Egyptians the Ptolemies, for the Athenians the Cecropidae.
Thessaly was the birthplace of Achilles and the original home of the Lapiths, of whom it is said that they were the first to break horses to the bit, whence they were also called Centaurs (cf. msvtpov, "bit").
Nome: 11_ius_jurisprudence_law_complaint
Quantidade de documentos: 77
Then from state of 'appeal to the law' (legalis) these types emerge, that is: 'written law and its intention' (scriptum et voluntas), contradictory laws (leges contrariae), ambiguity (ambiguitas), inference or logical reasoning (collectio sive ratiocinatio), and legal definition (definitio).
2. Custom (mos) is longstanding usage, taken likewise from 'moral habits' (mores, the plural of mos). 'Customary law' (consuetudo) moreover is a certain system of justice (ius), established by moral habits, which is received as law when law is lacking; nor does it matter whether it exists in writing or in reason, seeing that reason commends a law.
But custom (mos) is a longstanding usage drawn likewise from 'moral habits' (mores, the plural of mos). 'Customary law' (consuetudo) is a certain system of justice established by moral habits, which is taken as law when a law is lacking; nor does it matter whether it exists in writing or reasoning, since reason also validates law.
Nome: 12_age_old age_senex_puberty
Quantidade de documentos: 69
The term 'age' properly is used in two ways: either as an age ofa humanas infancy, youth, old ageor as an age of the world, whose first age is from Adam to Noah; second from Noah to Abraham; third from Abraham to David; fourth from David to the exile of Judah to Babylon; fifth from then, [
The fifth is the age of an elder person (senior), that is, maturity (gravitas), which is the decline from youth into old age; it is not yet old age, but no longer youth, because it is the age of an older person, which the Greeks call pp?oßát?ç - for with the Greeks an old person is not called presbyter, but yspYv.
Therefore, senior does not mean "fully old," just as 'rather young' (iunior, i.e. a comparative form, lit. "younger") means "among the youths," and 'rather poor' (pauperior, i.e. the comparative of pauper, "poor") means "between rich and poor."
Nome: 13_frogs_screech_takes sound_screech owl
Quantidade de documentos: 63
Onomatopoeia (onomatopoeia) is a word fashioned to imitate the sound of jumbled noise as the stridor ("creaking") of hinges, the hinnitus ("whinnying") of horses, the mugitus ("lowing") of cows, the balatus ("bleating") of sheep.
Many bird names are evidently constructed from the sound of their calls, such as the crane (grus), the crow (corvus), the swan (cygnus), the peacock (pavo), the kite (milvus), the screech owl (ulula), the cuckoo (cuculus), the jackdaw (graculus), et cetera.
The eagle (aquila) is named from the acuity of its vision (acumen oculorum), for it is said that they have such sight that when they soar above the sea on unmoving wings, and invisible to human sight, from such a height they can see small fish swimming, and descending like a bolt seize their prey and carry it to shore with their wings.
Nome: 14_herb_thyme_fennel_herba
Quantidade de documentos: 62
The thymallus takes its name from a flower - indeed the flower is called 'thyme' (thymus) - for although it is pleasing in appearance and agreeable in flavor, still, just like a flower, it smells and exhales aromas from its body.
Panaces (cf. pavam?ç, "all-heal, Ferulago galbanifera") is a plant of fragrant smell; it has a stem like the giant fennel from which flows the juice called opopanax.
Rosemary (rosmarinum), which Latin speakers call the 'healing herb' (herba salutaris) for its powers, has leaves like fennel's, rough and spread over the ground in whorls.
Nome: 15_homer_simonides_python_apollo
Quantidade de documentos: 60
When he attacked the serpent Python with arrows on Parnassus, to avenge his mother, the dwellers at Delphi cheered him on with this meter, saying, as Terentianus has it (On Meter 1591):
Afterwards it was established that they would write on wax tablets with bones, as Atta indicates in his Satura, saying (12): Let us turn the plowshare and plow in the wax with a point of bone.
The fourth was the Cimmerian, in Italy; the fifth, the Erythraean, Herophila by name, who came from Babylon - she foretold to the Greeks attacking Troy that it would perish and that Homer would write lies.
Nome: 16_magistrates_praetor_curator_curule
Quantidade de documentos: 59
Haruspices are so named as if the expression were 'observers (inspector) of the hours (hora)'; they watch over the days and hours for doing business and other works, and they attend to what a person ought to watch out for at any particular time.
Moreover, the term 'prince' derives from the sense of 'taking,' because he 'first takes' (primus capit), just as one speaks of a 'citizen of a municipality' (municeps) because he 'takes office' (munia capit).
That office was established in the sixth year after the kings (i.e. of Rome) were driven out, for when the common people were oppressed by the senate and consuls they created for themselves tribunes to act as their own judges and defenders, to safeguard their liberty and defend them against the injustice of the nobility.
Nome: 17_declining_mature declining_new crops_winter spring
Quantidade de documentos: 56
It is also called the 'new spring (ver),' from its signs of germination, because in that month opportunity for business deals is signaled by the new crops 'turning green' (viridantibus).
Storm (tempestas, also meaning "period of time") is named either for 'season' (tempus), just as historians are always using it when they say, "in that tempestas"- or it is named from the condition (status) of the sky, because due to its size, a storm brews for many days.
Dust (pulvis) is so named because it is driven (pellere) by the force (vis) of the wind, for it is carried on the breath of the wind, neither resisting nor able to stay put, as the Prophet says (Psalm 1:4): "Like the dust, which the wind driveth from the face of the earth."
Nome: 18_smaragdus_translucent_specularis_sapphires
Quantidade de documentos: 56
This appeared to be unsuitable, because it soils easily and harms the readers' eyesight - as the more experienced of architects would not think of putting gilt ceiling panels in libraries, or any paving stones other than of Carystean marble, because the glitter of gold wearies the eyes, and the green of the Carystean marble refreshes them.
This does not become a gemstone unless it is cut out of living dragons; hence magicians remove it from sleeping dragons - for bold men search out the caves of dragons, and sprinkle drugged herbs there to put the dragons to sleep, and when the dragons have been lulled to sleep, they cut off their heads and extract the gemstones.
For certain kinds of gemstone it is very difficult to distinguish the genuine from the false, especially once someone has discovered how to transmute a genuine specimen of one gem into a false specimen of other gems - for example, sardonyx, which is made from three gemstones joined together so that they cannot be taken apart.
Nome: 19_jupiter_juno_constellations_jupiters
Quantidade de documentos: 55
2. Knowledge obtains when some thing is perceived by sure reasoning; opinion, however, when an unsure thing still lies concealed and is grasped by no solid reasoning - for instance whether the sun is as large as it seems to be or is larger than the whole earth, or whether the moon is spherical or concave, or whether the stars are stuck to the sky or are carried through the air in a free course, or of what size and what material the heavens themselves may be, whether they are at rest and immobile or are whirling at unbelievable speed, or how thick the earth is, or on what foundation it endures balanced and suspended.
Yet whoever the inventor was, he was stirred by the movement of the heavens and prompted by the reasoning of his mind, and through the changing of the seasons, through the fixed and defined courses of the stars, through the measured expanses of their distances apart, he made observations of certain dimensions and numbers.
Hence the pagans took the names of the days from these seven stars because they thought that they were affected by these stars in some matters, saying that they received their spirit from the sun, their body from the moon, their intelligence and speech from Mercury, their pleasure from Venus, their blood from Mars, their disposition from Jupiter, and their bodily humors from Saturn.
Nome: 20_father son_son holy_trinity_holy spirit
Quantidade de documentos: 55
Therefore what things are said of God pertain to the whole Trinity because of its one (unus) and coeternal substance, whether in the Father, or in his onlybegotten Son in the form of God, or in the Holy Spirit, which is the one (unus) Spirit of God the Father and of his only-begotten Son.
Although this name is not written in Sacred Scripture, nevertheless it is supported in the formal naming of the whole Trinity because an account is offered according to which it is shown to be spoken correctly, just as in those books we never read that the Father is the Unbegotten (Ingenitus), yet we have no doubt that he should be spoken of and believed tobe that.2
But for the Father and Son and Holy Spirit, because of their one and equal divinity, the name is observed to be not 'gods' but 'God,' as the Apostle says (I Corinthians 8:6): "Yet to us there is but one God," or as we hear from the divine voice (Mark 12:29, etc.), "Hear, O Israel: the Lord thy God is one God," namely inasmuch as he is both the Trinity and the one Lord God.
Nome: 21_plowing_plow_oxen_plowed
Quantidade de documentos: 55
A verse (versus, also meaning "furrow") is commonly so called because the ancients would write in the same way that land is plowed: they would first draw their stylus from left to right, and then 'turn back' (convertere) the verses on the line below, and then back again to the right - whence still today country people call furrows versus.
Doting (delerus, i.e. delirus), demented from old age, after the term 2?p?±v ("prattle"), or because one wanders from straight thinking as if from the lira - for a lira (i.e. the balk between furrows) is a kind of plowed land when farmers, at the time of sowing, make straight furrows in which the whole crop is set.
. 'Beasts of burden' (iumenta) derive their name from the fact that they assist (iuvare) our labor and burdens by their help in carrying or plowing, for the ox pulls the carriage and turns the hardest clods of earth with the plowshare; the horse and ass carry burdens, and ease people's labor when they travel.
Nome: 22_angels_archangels_nuntius_angel
Quantidade de documentos: 54
Just as in Greek ?yy?2oç means "messenger" (nuntius) in Latin, so 'one who is sent' is called an 'apostle' in Greek (i.e. ?póoto2oç), for Christ sent them to spread the gospel through the whole world, so that certain ones would penetrate Persia and India teaching the nations and working great and incredible miracles in the name of Christ, in order that, from those corroborating signs and prodigies, people might believe inwhat the Apostles were saying and had seen.
The Luciferians, proudly accepting this maternal love, but not willing to accept those who had repented, withdrew fromthe communion of the Church and they deserved to fall, along with their founder, a Lucifer indeed, who would rise in the morning (i.e. as if he were Lucifer, the morning star and a name for the devil).
4. Also the Cherubim, that is, a garrison of angels, have been drawn up above the flaming sword to prevent evil spirits from approaching, so that the flames drive off human beings, and angels drive off the wicked angels, in order that access to Paradise may not lie open either to flesh or to spirits that have transgressed.
Nome: 23_sword_framea_spatha_blade
Quantidade de documentos: 53
A semispathium is a sword named for its length of half a spatha and not, as the ignorant masses say, from 'without a space of time' (sine spatio), seeing that it is swifter than an arrow.
A lance (lancea) is a spear with a strap attached to the middle of its shaft; it is called lancea because it is thrown weighed equally in the 'scales' (lanx, ablative lance), that is, with the strap evenly balanced.
A baldric (balteum) is a military belt, so named because military insignia hang from it, showing the total number of men in the military legion, that is, 6600, of which number the soldiers themselves are a part.
Nome: 24_fig_figure follows_figure_plane
Quantidade de documentos: 51
Figures 'carry to a higher degree' when they overtake another figure, or cause an action.
It began like this, and was followed by the use of single colors, and afterwards by assortments of colors, so that gradually this art defined itself, and devised light and shadow and the differences in color.
It is called the sagum quadrum because at first among the Gauls it used to be 'square or fourfold' (quadratus vel quadruplex).
Nome: 25_aen vergil_aen concerning_concerning vergil_vergil says
Quantidade de documentos: 51
Resolution (resolutio) of feet occurs when two shorts take the place of one long, or four shorts the place of two longs, as (Vergil, Aen.
Others understand it to mean "swift of foot," for pernicitas ("swiftness") has to do with feet, as (Vergil, Aen.
The ancients said saurex for sorex just as they said claudus for clodus ("lame").
Nome: 26_nativities_stars_poles_planets
Quantidade de documentos: 50
It is natural as long as it investigates the courses of the sun and the moon, or the specific positions of the stars according to the seasons; but it is a superstitious belief that the astrologers (mathematicus) follow when they practice augury by the stars, or when they associate the twelve signs of the zodiac with specific parts of the soul or body, or when they attempt to predict the nativities and characters of people by the motion of the stars.
But some people, enticed by the beauty and clarity of the constellations, have rushed headlong into error with respect to the stars, their minds blinded, so that they attempt to be able to foretell the results of things by means of harmful computations, which is called 'astrology' (mathesis).
Genethliaci are so called on account of their examinations of nativities, for they describe the nativities (genesis) of people according to the twelve signs of the heavens, and attempt to predict the characters, actions, and circumstances of people by the course of the stars at their birth, that is, who was born under what star, or what outcome of life the person who is born would have.
Nome: 27_galbanum_galbanum galbanum_cabbage_yoked chariot
Quantidade de documentos: 50
-eye (beli oculus) is white surrounding a black pupil lit from the middle with a golden gleam.
Alicastrum is similar to alica, outstanding for weight and quality.
Olisatrum (i.e. holusatrum, a seashore plant resembling cabbage)
Nome: 28_salt_dried sun_dried_indigo
Quantidade de documentos: 50
Others think that salt is named from the ocean (salum) and the sun (sol), since it is generated spontaneously by seawater as foam deposited on the edges of the seashore or cliffs and evaporated by the sun.
Common salt crackles in fire; Tragasean salt does not crackle in fire or leap out; Agrigentian salt from Sicily, although enduring flame, leaps out of water, and, contrary to nature, flows when it is in the fire.
Thus glass is heated by pieces of light dry wood, and when copper and natron are added with continuous firing so that the copper is melted, lumps of glass are produced.
Nome: 29_homo_surnames_origin names_etymologies words
Quantidade de documentos: 50
Etymologies of words are furnished either from their rationale (causa), as 'kings' (rex, gen. regis) from ['ruling' (regendum) and] 'acting correctly' (recte agendum); or from their origin, as 'man' (homo) because he is from 'earth' (humus), or from the contrary, as 'mud' (lutum) from 'washing' (lavare, ppl.
Although the origin of terms, whence they come, has received some accounting by philosophers - such that by derivation 'human being' (homo) is so called from 'humanity' (humanitas), or 'wise person' (sapiens) from 'wisdom' (sapientia), because wisdom comes first, then the wise person - nevertheless a different, special cause is manifest in the origin of certain terms, such as homo from 'soil' (humus), from which the word homo properly is so called.
Logic supplies the earth's diverse names, for the word terra is derived from the upper surface that is worn away (terere); soil (humus) from the lower, or moist (humidus) earth, like that under the sea; ground (tellus), because we carry away (tollere) what it produces; as such it is also called Ops (i.e. the earth-goddess of plenty) because it produces wealth (ops) from its crops; and also 'arable land' (arvum), from plowing (arare) and cultivating.
Nome: 30_wine_vat_grapes uva_grapes
Quantidade de documentos: 50
A forus (i.e. forum) is a place where grapes are trod, so called because the grapes are brought (ferre) there - or because there they are smashed (ferire) with feet; hence it is also called a wine-press (calcatorium, "treading-place"; cf. calx, 'heel').
A shed (tugurium) is a little house that vineyard-keepers make for themselves as a covering (tegimen), as if the word were tegurium, either for avoiding the heat of the sun and deflecting its rays, or so that from there the keeper may drive away either the people or the animals that would lie in wait for the immature fruit.
. Pumice (pumex) is so named because it has solidified with the density of foam (spuma), and it is dry, with little luster, and possessing so great a quality of cooling that when it is placed in a vat new wine stops bubbling.
Nome: 31_says cf_prophet cf_saying cf_verse cf
Quantidade de documentos: 49
There are three things that are required of people for worshipping God in the practice of religion, that is, faith, hope, and charity.
And finally, in reference to obedience and purity of faith, as in the words of the Lord to the prophet (cf.
We see its likeness in the clothing used for statues and pictures, and we call these statues togatus (lit. "wearing a toga").
Nome: 32_cush_ethiopians_saba_ham named
Quantidade de documentos: 48
The sons of Cush: Saba (i.e. Seba), Havilah, Sabtah, Raamah, Seba, and Cuza.
Thus no original sound of the word remains to show that the Egyptians arose from the son of Ham named Mesraim (i.e. Egypt), or similarly with regard to the Ethiopians, who are said to descend from that son of Ham named Cush.
The Allophyli (allophylus, lit. "foreigner") founded the city of the Philistines; it is Ascalon, of which we have spoken above, named after Chasluim (Cesloim), who was the grandson of Ham and son of Mesraim.
Nome: 33_booty_raider_praeda_booty praeda
Quantidade de documentos: 47
Rascal (furcifer) was once the term for one who, because of a petty offense, was forced to 'carry a fork-shaped yoke' (furcam ferre) along the road, more to shame the man than as a cause of torment, and to announce his sin, and warn others not to sin in like manner.
Charmer (oblectator), as if 'with milk (lac, gen. lactis),' means "with guile," as Terence (Andria 648): Unless you had cajoled (lactare, homophone of lactare, "give milk to") me, a lover.
A raider (praedo) is one who invades a foreign province with plundering, called 'raider' from stealing booty (praeda), and a raider is someone who possesses booty.
Nome: 34_legere ppl_reading_legere_nouns
Quantidade de documentos: 47
3. Letters (littera) are so called as if the term were legitera, because they provide a road (iter) for those who are reading (legere), or because they are repeated (iterare) in reading.
Some nouns are called 'diminutive in sound' (sono diminutivus), because they sound like diminutive nouns, but are conceptually primary nouns, as 'table' (tabula), 'fable' (fabula).
The meditative (meditativus) is named from the sense of someone intending (meditari), as lecturio ("I intend to read," formed on legere, ppl.
Nome: 35_sail_rope_oars_ship
Quantidade de documentos: 46
The grapple (tonsilla) is an iron or wooden hook to which, when it is fixed on the shore, ropes from the ship are fastened.
The siparum (i.e. a topsail) is a type of sail having a single 'foot' (pes, i.e. 'clew').
The propes is a rope with which the foot (pes, i.e. clew) of a sail is fastened, as if it were 'for the feet' (pro pedes).
Nome: 36_pup_carbo_focus_pup means
Quantidade de documentos: 46
25.A kind of shadow and image of it is visible to this day in its ashes and trees, for in this area there is flourishing fruit with such an appearance of ripeness that it makes one want to eat it, but if you gather it, it falls apart and dissolves in ashes and gives off smoke as if it were still burning.
It is called 'carbuncle' because it is fiery, like a coal (carbo), and its gleam is not overcome by the night, for it gives so much light in the darkness that it casts its flames up to the eye.
But Varro says they are called fireplaces (focus) because they nurture (fovere) the fire, for the fire is the flame itself, and whatever keeps a fire burning is called a fireplace, whether it be an altar or something else on which the fire is kept burning.
Nome: 37_april_easter day_easter_lunar
Quantidade de documentos: 46
The first cycle of nineteen: Of the moon B. C. ii Ides April xx C. vi Kalends April xvi E. xvi Kalends May xvii C. vi Ides April xx B. C. x Kalends April xv E. ii Ides April xvi C. ii Nones April xix E. viii Kalends May xx B. C. v Ides April xv When this cycle is complete one returns to the beginning.
The Latin Church locates the moon of the first month (i.e. of the Roman calendar's year) from March 5 through April 3, and if the fifteenth day of the new moon should fall on a Sunday, Easter Day is moved forward to the next Sunday.
It is called the bissextus because twice six (bis sexies) reckoned up makes a whole unit (i.e. of the twelve ounces in a Roman pound), which is one day - just as a quarter-unit (quadrans) is reckoned up by four times (quater) - because a bissextus is how far the sun goes beyond the course of the days in the year, [or because it is not able to be intercalated in its own year unless you compute 'twice the sixth' (bis sextus) day before the nones of March, that is, both with the first day as the sixth day before the nones of March and, with the bissextus added, with the second day repeated as the sixth day before the nones of March].
Nome: 38_gold aurum_aerarium_bronze aes_aes
Quantidade de documentos: 45
Whence Vergil says (Aen. 6.204): From which the contrasting gleam (aura) of gold (aurum) shone through the branches, that is, the luster of gold, for it is natural for the luster of metal to gleam more when it is reflected with another light.
Bronze (aes, gen. aeris) money came into use first, then silver, and finally gold followed, but money still retained its name from the metal with which it began (i.e. aes continued to mean 'money' as well as 'bronze').
Bronze (aes, gen. aeris) is named from its gleaming in the 'air' (aer, gen. aeris), just as gold (aurum) and silver (argentum) are.
Nome: 39_lamp_means light_light lux_farum
Quantidade de documentos: 45
For at that time lights are kindled and carried by them, not in order to put darkness to flight, since at the same time there is daylight, but in order to display a symbol of joy, so that under the figure of the physical candlelight that light may be displayed concerning which it is read in the Gospel (John 1:9), "That was the true light, which enlighteneth every man that cometh into this world."
Its function was to show a light for ships sailing at night, in order to make known the channels and the entrance to the port, so that sailors would not be deceived in the darkness and run onto the rocks - for Alexandria has tricky access with deceptive shallows.
Its purpose is to shine a light for the nighttime sailing of ships in order to mark the shallows and the entrances to the harbor, so that sailors might not, misled by darkness, hit the rocks, for Alexandria has tricky entrances with deceptive shoals.
Nome: 40_mares_offspring_cubs_masters
Quantidade de documentos: 44
He said that once upon a time wolves persuaded shepherds whose attentiveness they wished to lull that they should meet in friendship - but with the condition that the shepherds would duly hand over their dogs, which were a cause of strife, to the wolves.
The reason for this characteristic is obvious, for when the cubs grow in their mother's womb and, as their powers mature, become strong enough to be born, they detest the delay in time so much that they tear with their claws at the laden womb since it is standing in the way of delivery.
Also the Indians are accustomed to tie up female dogs in the forest at night, to expose them to wild tigers, and the tigers mount the dogs; from this mating are born dogs so fierce and strong that they overcome lions in combat.
Nome: 41_libya_tyrrhenus_named libya_getulians
Quantidade de documentos: 42
The Getulians are said to have been Getae who, setting out from their homeland with a huge force on ships, occupied the region of the Syrtes in Libya and were named by derivation Getulians, because they came from the Getae.
Certain Gauls, driven by their civil discord and incessant dissensions, set out for Italy seeking new territory, and after the Etruscans (Tuscus) had been expelled from their own land, they founded Mediolanum (i.e. Milan) and other cities.
They say that Manto, the daughter of Tiresias, brought to Italy after the destruction of the Thebans, founded Mantua; it is in the Venetian territory which is called Cisalpine Gaul, and it is called Mantua because it 'looks after its departed spirits' (manestuetur).
Nome: 42_hatred odium_teter_odium_hatred
Quantidade de documentos: 42
Hateful (exosus) is so called from hatred (odium), for the ancients would say both odi ("I hate") and osus sum ("I hate"; an alternative older form of the verb), and from this is exosus, which we use even though we no longer say osus.
Hater (osor), "inimical," so called from hatred (odium), just as the word 'lover' (amator) is from 'love' (amor).
Hideous (teter, i.e. taeter), because of a dark and shadowy life. 'Most savage' (teterrimus), for a too beastly person, for the ancients said teter for 'beastly,' as Ennius (Annals 607): "Hideous (teter) elephants."
Nome: 43_human animal_capable laughter_good latin_species differentiae
Quantidade de documentos: 42
With regard to style (elocutio) it will be correct to use what the matter, the place, the time, and the character of the audience require, ensuring that profane things are not be mingled with religious, immodest with chaste, frivolous with weighty, playful with earnest, or laughable with sad.
Ambiguity (ambiguitas) is also to be avoided, as well as that fault when, carried away by the excitement of oratory, some people conclude, in a long and roundabout rambling (ambages) with empty sounds interposed, what they could have expressed in one or two words.
Because a straight and continuous oration makes for weariness and disgust as much for the speaker as for the hearer, it should be inflected and varied into other forms, so that it might refresh the speaker and become more elaborate, and deflect criticism with a diversity of presentation and hearing.
Nome: 44_body called_uterus_muscles_belly
Quantidade de documentos: 41
The spine (spina, also meaning "thorn") is the backbone (iunctura dorsi, "linkage of the back"), so called because it has sharp spurs; its joints are called vertebrae (spondilium) on account of the part of the brain (i.e. the spinal cord) that is carried through them via a long duct to the other parts of the body.
The 'sacred spine' (spina sacra) is the lowest part of the spinal column; the Greeks call it ¬?pòv òotouv, because it is the first bone which is formed when a child is conceived, and for this reason it was the first part of a sacrificial animal that would be offered by the pagans to their gods - whence it is called 'sacred spine.'
Muscles (lacertus), otherwise known as 'mice' (mus), because in the individual limbs they take the 'place of the heart' (locus cordis), just as the heart itself is in the center of the whole body, and they are called by the name of the animals they resemble, that lurk under the earth, for muscles (musculus) are so called from their similarity to mice.
Nome: 45_evening_sun earth_night sun_sun ascends
Quantidade de documentos: 40
When the sun rises, it creates the day, and when it sets it brings on the night, for day is the sun over the earth, and night is the sun under the earth.
Thus when the sun ascends to the higher reaches, it tempers the spring air; when it reaches its zenith, it kindles the summer heat; dropping again it brings back the temperance of autumn.
Night occurs either because the sun is wearied from its long journey, and when it has passed over to the last stretch of the sky, grows weak and breathes its last fires as it dwindles away, or because the sun is driven under the earth by the same force by which it carries its light over the earth, so that the shadow of the earth makes night.
Nome: 46_bishops_sacerdos_presbyter_archbishops
Quantidade de documentos: 40
The Greek term 'exorcism' (exorcismus) is 'conjuration' (coniuratio) in Latin, or a 'speech of rebuke' directed against the devil, that he should depart, as in this passage in Zechariah (3:1-2): "And the Lord showed me Jesus the high priest standing before the angel of the Lord: and Satan stood on his right hand to be his adversary.
Elders (presbyter) are also called priests (sacerdos), because they perform the sacraments (sacrum dare), as do bishops; but although they are priests (sacerdos) they do not have the highest honor of the pontificate, for they neither mark the brow with chrism nor give the Spirit, the Comforter, which a reading of the Acts of the Apostles shows may be done by bishops only.
1. 'Church' (ecclesia) is a Greek word that is translated into Latin as "convocation" (convocatio), because it calls (vocare) everyone to itself. 'Catholic' (catholicus) is translated as "universal" (universalis), after the term ma9' o2ov, that is, 'with respect to the whole,' for it is not restricted to some part of a territory, like a small association of heretics, but is spread widely throughout the entire world.
Nome: 47_whiteness_greeks black_albus_white albus
Quantidade de documentos: 40
Little by little the Libyans altered the name of these people, in their barbarous tongue calling the Medes 'Moors' (Maurus), although the Moors are named by the Greeks for their color, for the Greeks call black µaUpóç (i.e. ?µaUpóç, "dark"), and indeed, blasted by blistering heat, they have a countenance of a dark color.
Gray-haired (canus), so called from white (candidus), and 'white' as if the term were 'added whiteness' (candor datus) - for the whiteness called candor results from effort, and a naturally white thing is called albus.
51. 'Shining white' (candidus) and 'flat white' (albus) are different from each other, for 'flat white' has a kind of pallor, but 'shining white' is snowy and drenched with pure light.
Nome: 48_civil war_lucan_lucan civil_civil
Quantidade de documentos: 40
The grave accent is regarded as opposite to both of them, for it always lowers the syllable, while they raise it, as (Lucan, Civil War 1.15): Unde venit Titan, et nox ibi sidera condit.
Lucan recalls this, saying (Civil War 1.7): Standards (against standards), eagles matching eagles, and javelins threatening javelins.
Of these, Lucan (Civil War 1.7): Standards (against standards), eagles matching eagles, and javelins (pila) threatening javelins.
Nome: 49_mary_asserted_bishop_named certain
Quantidade de documentos: 39
The Valentinians (Valentinianus) are named from a certain Valentinus, a follower of Plato, who introduced a"?vat ("the Aeons"), that is, certain kinds of ages, into the origin of God the creator; he also asserted that Christ took on nothing corporeal from the Virgin, but passed through her as if through a pipe.
The Luciferians (Luciferianus) originated from Lucifer, bishop of Syrmia (i.e. Sardinia); they condemn the Catholic bishops who, under the persecution of Constantius, consented to the faithlessness of the Arians and later, after this, repented and chose to return to the Catholic Church.
The Theodosians (Theodosianus) and the Gaianites (Gaianita) are namedfrom Theodosiusand Gaianus, whowere ordained as bishops on asingleday by theselection of a perverse populace in Alexandria during the time of the ruler Justinian.
Nome: 50_gignere ppl_gens_generating_gignere
Quantidade de documentos: 39
genitus) and procreating (progenerare), or from the delimiting of particular descendants (prognatus), as are nations (natio) that, delimited by their own kinships, are called 'stocks of people' (gens).
These are words that appear to be derived from the word for family (gens): genitor, genetrix, agnatus, agnata, cognatus, cognata, progenitor, progenitrix, germanus, germana.
The bear (ursus) is said to be so called because it shapes its offspring in its 'own mouth' (ore suo), as if the word were orsus, for people saythat it produces unshaped offspring, and gives birth to some kind of flesh that the mother forms into limbs by licking it.
Nome: 51_inheritance_property_heirs_possessed lawfully
Quantidade de documentos: 39
It concerns such things as legal inheritances, cretio (i.e. formal acceptance of an inheritance), guardianship, usucapio (i.e. acquisition of ownership by use): these laws are found among no other group of people, but are particular to the Romans and established for them alone.
A usufructuary donation (donatio usufructuaria) is so called for this reason, because the donor still retains the 'use of the yield' (usus fructu) from the gift, with the legal title reserved for the recipient.
3. Property (res) is so named from holding rightly (recte), and 'legal titles' from possessing lawfully, for what is possessed 'with title' (ius), is possessed 'lawfully' (iuste), and what is possessed lawfully is possessed well.
Nome: 52_chimaera_case born_monstrosities_compared hand
Quantidade de documentos: 38
. Portents, then, or unnatural beings, exist in some cases in the form of a size of the whole body that surpasses common human nature, as in the case of Tityos who, as Homer witnesses, covered nine jugers (i.e. about six acres) when lying prostrate; in other cases in the form of a smallness of the whole body, as in dwarfs (nanus), or those whom the Greeks call pygmies (pygmaeus), because they are a cubit tall.
Moreover, people write about the monstrous faces of nations in the far East: some with no noses, having completely flat faces and a shapeless countenance; some with a lower lip so protruding that when they are sleeping it protects the whole face from the heat of the sun; some with mouths grown shut, taking in nourishment only through a small opening by means of hollow straws.
They also imagine certain monstrosities from among irrational living creatures, like Cerberus, the dog of the nether world that has three heads, signifying through him the three ages in which death devours a human being - that is, infancy, youth, and old age.
Nome: 53_indirection_avoids_foulness indirection_avoids foulness
Quantidade de documentos: 38
This trope is twofold, for either it splendidly brings forth the truth, or it avoids foulness by indirection.
The doubtful, in which either the judgment is doubtful, or a case is of partly decent and partly wicked matters, so that it arouses both benevolence and offense.
Indecisive (anceps), wavering this way and that and doubting whether to choose this or that, and distressed (anxius) about which way to lean.
Nome: 54_compared_compared contains_plus parts_multiplied
Quantidade de documentos: 38
For example, when 8 is compared to 3, 8 contains within itself 3 two times, plus two other parts of
Thus the circular number (i.e. the square of a number), which, since it has been multiplied by like numbers, begins from itself and turns back to itself, as for example 5 times 5 is 25, thus: (fig.).
You add together a low and a high number, you divide them, and you find the mean; take, for example, the low and high numbers 6 and 12: when you join them, they make 18; you divide this at its midpoint, and you make 9, which is an arithmetic proportion, in that the mean exceeds the low number by as many units as the mean is exceeded by the high number.
Nome: 55_urbs_civitas_city urbs_plebeians
Quantidade de documentos: 38
It is the same with areas (locus); for in the 'globe of lands' (orbis terrarum) areas and expanses of land contain in themselves many provinces; just as in the body an area is a single part, containing many members; and just as a house has many rooms in it.
. Further, cities (civitas) are called 'colonial towns' (colonia), or 'free towns' (municipium), or hamlets, fortresses, or country villages.
Hamlets and fortresses and country villages are communities that are distinguished by none of the dignity of a city, but are inhabited by a common gathering of people, and because of their small size are tributary to the larger cities.
Nome: 56_bridegroom shall_ii corinthians_bridegroom_farmer
Quantidade de documentos: 37
): "By force and unwillingly compelled, I made a pact with him; when the pact was made, I brought him before the judge; when he was brought, I condemned him in the first assembly; when he was condemned, I discharged him willingly."
Defense of Marcellus 26): "Glory is praise rightly won by deeds and renown for great services to the state."
Hence the verses (Martial, Epigrams 14.34): The settled peace of our general has bent me for gentle uses: now a farmer owns me; before, I belonged to a soldier.
Nome: 57_thighs_thighs femur_femina_femur
Quantidade de documentos: 37
By means of similarities, as a round bandage is put on a round wound and an oblong bandage on an oblong wound - for the bandaging itself is not the same for all limbs and wounds, but a similar is suited to a similar.
Some are there to allow us to tell the difference between the sexes, as for instance the genitals, the grownbeard, and the wide chest in men; in women the smooth cheeks and the narrow chest; although, in order to conceive and carry a fetus, they have wide loins and sides.
The word 'woman' (femina) is derived from the parts of the thighs (femur, plural femora or femina) where the appearance of the sex distinguishes her from a man.
Nome: 58_soles_corium_shoes_solum
Quantidade de documentos: 36
The back part of the soles is called the heel (calcis, i.e. calx); the name was imposed on it by derivation from 'hardened skin' (callum), with which we tread (calcare) on the earth (cf. solum, "soil"); hence also calcaneus (i.e. another word for 'heel').
A 'mountain path' (clivosum) is a winding road. 'Footprints' (vestigium) are the traces of the feet imprinted by the soles of those who went first, so called because by means of them the paths of those who have gone before are traced (investigare), that is, recognized.
Nailed (clavatus) shoes, [as if the word were claviatus, because the soles are joined to the uppers with small - that is, sharp - nails (clavus)]. 'Fur-lined boots' (perones) and sculponeae are country shoes.
Nome: 59_given drink_mixed wine_feel pain_wine makes
Quantidade de documentos: 36
Its fruit has so much virtue that, when it is mingled with suspicious food containing herbs or mushrooms, it drives out, seizes, and destroys whatever is poisonous in it.
Its bark, mixed with wine, is given for drinking to those whose bodies need to undergo surgery, so that they are sedated and feel no pain.
Mixed with food it also resists poison, for radishes, nuts, lupines, citron, and celery are good against poison, but against poison taken afterwards, not against poison already ingested.
Nome: 60_vowel_vowels_consonants_semivowels
Quantidade de documentos: 36
And they are called 'vowels' (vocalis), because they make a complete 'vocal sound' (vox, gen. vocis) on their own, and on their own they may make a syllable with no adjoining consonant.
The old script consisted of seventeen Latin letters, and they are called legitimate (legitimus) for this reason: they either begin with the vowel E and end in a mute sound, if they are consonants, or because they begin with their own sound and end in the vowel E, if they are mutes [
In its entirety, moreover, the word is osianna, which we pronounce as osanna, with the middle vowel degraded and elided just as happens in poetic lines when we scan them, for the initial vowel of a following word excludes the final vowel of the preceding word.
Nome: 61_wheel_rota_wheel called_like wheel
Quantidade de documentos: 36
The trochee (trochaeus) is so called because it makes speedy alternations in a song, and runs quickly in meters like a wheel - for a wheel is called tpoyóç in Greek.
The axis (axis) is a straight line from the North that extends through the center ball of the sphere, and it is called 'axis' because around it the sphere turns like a wheel, or because the Wain (i.e. 'wagon,' another name for the Big Dipper) is there.
3. Furthermore, they say that chariots race on wheels (rota) either because the world whirls by with the speed of its circle, or because of the sun, which wheels (rotare) in a circular orbit, as Ennius says (Annals 558): Thence the shining wheel (rota) cleared the sky with its rays.
Nome: 62_simon_barjonah_abel_priesthood
Quantidade de documentos: 36
Hophni, "unshod," for this son of Eli was chosen for the ministry of priesthood, and he represented his loss of the priesthood by his own name, for the Apostle says (Ephesians 6:15), "Your feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of peace."
Simon 'Bar-Jonah' in our tongue means "son of a dove," and is both a Syrian and a Hebrew name, for Bar in the Syrian language is "son," 'Jonah' in Hebrew is "dove," and BarJonah is composed of both languages.
Some people simply take it that Simon, that is Peter, is the son of John, because of that question (John 21:15), "Simon of John, lovest thou me?" - and they consider it corrupted by an error of the scribes, so that Bar-Iona was written for Bar-Iohannes, that is, 'son of John,' with one syllable dropped. 'Johanna' means "grace of the Lord."
Nome: 63_philosophy_philosopher_philosophers_isagoge
Quantidade de documentos: 35
There are three kinds of philosophy: one natural (naturalis), which in Greek is 'physics' (physica), in which one discusses the investigation of nature; a second moral (moralis), which is called 'ethics' (ethica) in Greek, in which moral behavior is treated; a third rational (rationalis), which is named with the Greek term 'logic' (logica), in which there is disputation concerning how in the causes of things and in moral behavior the truth itself may be investigated.
Philosophy is called natural when the nature (natura) of each individual thing is examined, for nothing is generated (generare) in life, but rather each thing is classified by those properties according to which the Creator defined it, unless perhaps by the will of God some miracle is shown to occur.
Although earlier the ancient Greeks would quite boastfully name themselves sophists (sophista), that is, 'wise ones' or 'teachers of wisdom,' when Pythagoras was asked what he professed, he responded with a modest term, saying that he was a 'philosopher,' that is, a lover of wisdom - for to claim that one was wise seemed very arrogant.
Nome: 64_jebusites_jebus_abraham_flood
Quantidade de documentos: 35
Jeroboam, "judgment" or "cause of the people," or, as some say, it means "division," because in his reign the people of Israel were divided and cut off from the reign of the line of David - for he stood out as the cause of the division of the people.
Amos, "the people torn away," for his prophecy was directed toward the people Israel, because they were already torn away from the Lord, and worshipped golden calves, or they were torn from the reign of the line of David.
The diversity of languages arose with the building of the Tower after the Flood, for before the pride of that Tower divided human society, so that there arose a diversity of meaningful sounds, there was one language for all nations, which is called Hebrew.
Nome: 65_spelt_spelt far_chaff_grain
Quantidade de documentos: 35
5. Spelt (far) is so called because at first it would be crushed (frangere), for among the ancients the use of mills did not yet exist, but they would place grain in a mortar and crush it, and this was a kind of milling.
Sausage (farcimen) is meat cut up into small bits, because with it an intestine is stuffed (farcire), that is, filled, with other things mixed in.
The ancients had chandeliers (funale candelabrum) with hooked prongs sticking out, to which were attached cords daubed with wax or a material of the kind that would feed the light.
Nome: 66_frankincense_arabia_fragrant_grows india
Quantidade de documentos: 35
It grows in Syria and Armenia as a shrub producing seeds in clusters like grapes, with a white flower that looks like a violet's, leaves like bryony, and a good scent; it induces sweet sleep.
It is white and light in weight, sweet, of pleasant scent; the Indian type is black and light like a hollow stalk, whereas the Syrian is heavy, colored like boxwood, bitter in odor - but the best is white, light in weight, dry, and fiery in taste.
The squinum (i.e. schoenum,a kind of rush) that grows at the Euphrates is better than that in Arabia, tan-colored, abounding in flowers, purple, slender; it smells like a rose when it is crumbled in one's hands, and when tasted it is fiery and biting on the tongue.
Nome: 67_frumen_gruel_hoeing_serere
Quantidade de documentos: 35
Wildernesses (desertum) are so called because they are not planted (serere), and therefore, in a manner of speaking, they are abandoned (deserere), as are wooded and mountainous areas, places that are the opposite of fruitful regions that have the richest soil.
Hoeing is done after the planting, when farmers after unyoking the oxen split the large clods and break them apart with hoes, and it is called hoeing (occatio) as if it were 'blinding' (occaecatio), because it covers the seeds.
27.A morsel (frustum) is so called because it is taken by the frumen, for the frumen is the upper part of the throat. 'Lean meat' (pulpa) is so called because formerly it would be eaten mixed with gruel (puls).
Nome: 68_fluvius_pluvia_flumen_stilla
Quantidade de documentos: 34
The mole (talpa) is so called because it is condemned to perpetual blindness in the dark (tenebrae), for, having no eyes, it always digs in the earth, and tosses out the soil, and devours the roots beneath vegetables.
The abyss is an impenetrable depth of waters, either caves of hidden waters from which springs and rivers rise, or waters that secretly flow below the earth, whence it is called the abyss (abyssus, cf. ?
But whenever rivers, swollen with unusual rains, overflow to a degree that is beyond what is normal in duration or magnitude, and cause widespread destruction, they too are called 'floods.'
Nome: 69_testator_covenants_notare_testament
Quantidade de documentos: 34
Synonymous (synonymus) nouns, that is, plurinomial (plurinomius), because there is a single meaning shared by 'many nouns' (plura nomina), as terra, humus, and tellus (i.e. all meaning "earth").
Then, when the population was no longer able to bear the factious magistrates, they brought the Decemvirs (lit. the "ten men") into being to write laws; these men set forth in the Twelve Tables the laws whichhad been translated fromthe books of Solon into the Latin language.
2.A testament (testamentum) is so called because, unless the testator (testator) died, one could not confirm or know what was written in it, because it is closed and sealed, and it is also called 'testament' because it is not valid until after the setting up of the memorial of the testator (testatoris monumentum), whence also the Apostle (Hebrews 9:17): "The testament," he says, "is of force after people are dead."
Nome: 70_called praepetes_praepetes_lofty places_volare
Quantidade de documentos: 34
The disease elefantiacus is so called from the resemblance to an elephant - whose innately hard and rough skin gave its name to what is a disease in humans - because it makes the surface of the body like the skinof an elephant, or because the disease is massive, like the same animal from which it derives its name.
And a wild goat is likewise a caprea (in classical Latin, a roe-deer), and an ibex (ibex), as if the word were avex, because they hold to the steep and lofty places as the birds (avis) do, and inhabit the heights, so that from these heights they are scarcely (vix) visible to human gaze.
They are called birds (avis) because they do not have set paths (via), but travel by means of pathless (avia) ways. 'Winged ones' (ales, gen. alitis) because they strive 'with their wings for the heights' (alis alta), and ascend to lofty places with the oarage of their wings.
Nome: 71_cadaver_functus_burial mound_burial
Quantidade de documentos: 34
These motions have fixed intervals: a dactylic rhythm, as long as they are healthy, but they are a sign of death when they are quite fast - as in 6opma6?- Sovt?ç (lit., "swift as a gazelle") - or quite slow - as in µUpµ(c)Sovt?ç (lit., "weak as ants").
The term cadaver, on the other hand, is used if the body lies unburied, for 'cadaver' (cadaver) comes from 'falling down' (cadere), because it cannot stand upright any more.
Thus we say that those who have completed services they owed have 'discharged their duty' (functus officio); whence also the phrase 'having held (functus) public office.'
Nome: 72_soldiers_century_legion_centuria
Quantidade de documentos: 33
45. 'Military service' (militia) is so called from 'soldiers' (miles, gen. militis), or from the word 'many' (multus), as if the term were multitia, being the occupation of many men, or from a mass (moles) of things, as if the word were moletia.
Reinforcements (subcenturiatus) are men not of the first, but of the second century, as if the word were 'below the first century' (sub prima centuria); nevertheless in battle they were formed up and placed inlookouts so that if the first century failed they, whom we have spoken of as the substitutes, would reinforce the first century in their efforts.
These troops are called maniples (manipulus) either because they would begin a battle in the first combat (manus), or because, before battlestandards existed, they would make 'handfuls' (manipulus) for themselves as standards, that is, bundles of straw or of some plant, and from this standard the soldiers were nicknamed 'manipulars.'
Nome: 73_martial_epigrams_satires_martial epigrams
Quantidade de documentos: 33
2. Cinna mentions this type thus (fr. 11): On Prusias's boat I have brought as a gift for you these poems through which we know the aerial fires, poems much studied over with Aratus's midnight lamps, written on the dry bark of smooth mallow.
Martial says of it (Epigrams 12.98.1): Baetis, wreathe your hair with an olive-bearing crown, you who dye your fleece gold in sparkling waters - because woolen fleeces were dyed there to a beautiful color.
Lucilius (Satires 1191) says: The boy would swallow down this sounding-lead (catapirates) in the same way, this little oiled chunk of lead and flaxen string.
Nome: 74_impostor_14 illicit_agreeable suavis_affinis captured
Quantidade de documentos: 32
14. 'Illicit sex' (stuprum)...
A basket net (nassa) . .
The rafter (cantherium) . .
Nome: 75_munus_gift munus_presents munus_tribus
Quantidade de documentos: 32
The separate courts and assemblies of the people are called tribes (tribus), and they are so called because in the beginning the Romans had been separated by Romulus 'into three groups' (trifarie): senators, soldiers, and plebeians.
Tranquillus (i.e. Suetonius, Prata 109), however, says that triumphus is the preferred term in Latin, because he who entered the city in a triumph would be honored by a threefold judgment: in granting a triumph for a general it was customary for the army to judge first, the senate second, and the people third.
The general term 'craftsman' (artifex) is so given because he practices (facere) an art (ars, gen. artis), just as a goldsmith (aurifex) is someone who works (facere) gold (aurum), for the ancients used to say faxere instead of facere.
Nome: 76_milk_et pressi_copia lactis_pressi copia
Quantidade de documentos: 32
He ought to say this: est et pressi copia lactis ("and there is an abundance of cheese").
And they are called nipples (papilla) because it appears as if infants were eating (pappare) them while they suck milk.
The breast (mamilla) is accordingly the whole protrusion of the female breast, the nipple only the small part from which milk is drawn.
Nome: 77_aequalis_aqua_level_aequor
Quantidade de documentos: 32
Snow (nix) is named from the cloud (nubes) whence it falls, while ice (glacies) is named from 'freezing' (gelu) and 'water' (aqua), as if the word were gelaquies, that is, 'frozen water' (gelata aqua).
Water (aqua) is so named because its surface is 'even' (aequalis), hence it is also called aequor (lit. "level surface," used metaphorically for the sea), because its height is even.
The Red Sea is so named because it is colored with reddish waves; however, it does not possess this quality by its nature, but its currents are tainted and stained by the neighboring shores because all the land surrounding that sea is red and close to the color of blood.
Nome: 78_undamaged_magnet_aging_iron does
Quantidade de documentos: 32
Limestone (calx) is said to be alive, because even when it has become cold to the touch it still retains some fire concealed inside, so that when water is poured on it the hidden fire bursts forth.
It is so opposed to the magnet that when it is placed near iron it does not allow the iron to be drawn off by the magnet, and if the magnet is moved and grabs the iron, then the diamond seizes it back and carries it off.
As far as building with clay is concerned, baked bricks are suited for walls and foundations, while curved and flat tiles are suitable for roofs.
Nome: 79_extinguished oil_oil usually_burns water_usually extinguishes
Quantidade de documentos: 32
In brief, when it is livened in its breath (i.e. when the air within it is heated) by a small flame, it is immediately positioned so that it completely covers the place on the body where a cut has been made, which then heats up under the skin or deeper and draws either a humor or blood to the surface.
It has this marvelous characteristic: once it has been set on fire, it burns in water, which usually extinguishes fire, and it is extinguished in oil, which usually kindles fire.
Its nature produces something amazing, for after it has caught fire it burns in water, which usually extinguishes fire, and it is extinguished by oil, which usually ignites fire.
Nome: 80_valde_animus_skillful_magis
Quantidade de documentos: 32
admittier (i.e. the archaic middle or passive form) for admitti ("to be admitted"), magis for mage ("more"), and potestur for potest ("is able")].
Steadfast (pervicax) properly means one who 'perseveres to victory' (ad victoriam perseverare) in what he sets out to do, for the ancients used the word vica for our victoria.
Skillful (sollers), because one is engaged (sollicitus) 'ina craft' (ars) and adroit, for among the ancients one who was trained in every good craft would be called skillful.
Nome: 81_confession_exomologesis_liability_punished
Quantidade de documentos: 31
Under extraneous: concession (concessio), setting aside the charge (remotio criminis), retorting to the charge (relatio criminis), compensation (compensatio).
And so exomologesis is the discipline of a person's prostrating and humiliating himself in dress and food, to lie in sackcloth and ashes, to smear his body with filth, to cast down his spirit in mourning, to transform with harsh treatment those things which are at fault.
Reconverting (resipiscens, lit. "returning to one's senses"), because such a one recovers (recipere) his mind, as if after a period of insanity, or because one who stopped knowing 'knows again' (resapere), for he chastises himself for his folly and strengthens his spirit for right living, remaining watchful so as not to relapse.
Nome: 82_nepos_grandfather_greatgrandfather_father grandfather
Quantidade de documentos: 31
While this consanguinity diminishes towards the last degree, as it subdivides through the levels of descent, and kinship (propinquitas) ceases to exist, the law recovers it again through the bond of matrimony, and in a certain way calls it back as it slips away.
Thus, consanguinity is established up to the sixth degree of kinship, so that just as the generation of the world and the status of humankind comes to an end through six ages, so kinship in a family is terminated by the same number of degrees.
193. 'Prodigal' (nepos), so called from a certain kind of scorpion (i.e. nepa) that consumes its offspring except for the one that has settled on its back; for in turn the very one that has been saved consumes the parent; hence people who consume the property of their parents with riotous living are called prodigals.
Nome: 83_leaves like_gladiolus_aromatic root_leaves
Quantidade de documentos: 30
Its root is like that of a triangular rush, its leaves like a leek's, its roots black or close to the color of olive roots, and it is very odoriferous and sharp.
Acorum (perhaps 'sweet flag') has leaves similar to the iris, and roots of a very sharp but pleasant scent, for which reason it is also a spice.
Elecampane (inula) is called ala by country people, and has an aromatic root of very strong smell with a slight bitterness.
Nome: 84_reigns_differences_ages generations_age brings
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The succession of these ages through generations and reigns is thus reviewed.
The years are computed from the creation of the world up to this most recent cycle.]
We have spoken somewhat about reigns and military terms, and now we add a summary of terms for citizens.
Nome: 85_black base_color purple_bloodcolored_blood red
Quantidade de documentos: 30
5. Pyrite (pyrites) is a yellow Persian stone that mimics the qualities of bronze; it has a great deal of fire in it inasmuch as it gives off sparks easily.
. Cyanea (i.e. a type of lapus lazuli) is a gem from Scythia glittering with a blue sheen, either pure blue, or sometimes varied with flecks of flickering gold.
The reddened (russata) garment, which the Greeks call Phoenician and we call scarlet, was invented by the Lacedaemonians so as to conceal the blood with a similar color whenever someone was wounded in battle, lest their opponents' spirits rise at the sight.
Nome: 86_measure_mensura_meters_time measure
Quantidade de documentos: 30
Meters named after feet are, for example, dactylic, iambic, trochaic, for trochaic meter is constructed from the trochee, dactylic from the dactyl, and others similarly from their feet.
Momentum is so called from shortness of time, requiring that the loan be returned as soon as the transaction is secured, and that there should be no delay in the recovery of the debt; just as a moment (momentum) possesses no space - its point in time is so short that it has no duration of any kind.
But strictly speaking a measure (mensura) is so named because with it fruits and grains are measured (metiri) - that is, by wet measures and dry ones, such as the modius (i.e. a Roman measure of corn), [the artaba (i.e. an Egyptian measure)], the urn, and the amphora.
Nome: 87_incus_attract_magnetic stone_magnetic
Quantidade de documentos: 29
12.903): Sed neque currentem, sed nec cognoscit euntem, tollentemque manu saxumque inmane moventem (But he does not know (himself) while running or walking, and lifting and moving the huge rock with his hand).
Its force is so great that the most blessed Augustine reports (City of God 21.4) that someone held this magnetic stone beneath a silver dish, and then placed a piece of iron on the silver, and then, by moving the magnetic stone underneath with his hand, immediately moved the iron above.
But some people call it harpaga (lit. "hook") because, once it has received the spirit of heat from being rubbed with the fingers, it attracts leaves and chaff and the fringes of clothing just as a magnet attracts iron.
Nome: 88_wheat_ayv_haedus_ripe
Quantidade de documentos: 29
We speak improperly of the 'ear' (spica) of ripe fruit, for properly the ear exists when the beards, still thin like spear-tips (spiculum), project through the husk of the stalk, that is the swelling tip.
The juniper (iuniperus) is so called in Greek either because it peaks into a narrow tip from a wide base, like fire, or because once kindled it stays on fire a long time - so muchso that if a live coalof its woodwere to be covered with ash it would last up to a year.
The unripe kind is called 'long pepper'; that unaffected by fire, 'white pepper'; but that which has a wrinkled and bristly skin takes both its color (i.e. 'black') and its name (cf. pup, "fire") from the heat of the fire.
Nome: 89_rhythmic rhythmicus_rhythmicus_harmonic_musical instruments
Quantidade de documentos: 29
The first division of music, which is called harmonic (harmonicus), that is, the modulation of the voice, pertains to comedies, tragedies, or choruses, or to all who sing with their own voice.
A perfect (perfectus) voice is high, sweet, and distinct: high, so that it can reach the high range; distinct, so that it fills the ears; sweet, so that it soothes the spirits of the listeners.
The second division is organicus, and it is produced by those instruments that, when they are filled with the breath that is blown into them, are animated with the sound of a voice, like trumpets, reed pipes, pipes, organs, pandoria, and instruments similar to these.
Nome: 90_tyrrhenian_sea crete_inferum_tyrrhenian sea
Quantidade de documentos: 29
And just as the land, though it is a single thing, may be referred to with various names in different places, so also this Great Sea is named with different names according to the region; for it is called Iberian and Asiatic from the names of provinces, and Balearic, Sicilian, Cretan, Cypriot, Aegean, Carpathian from the names of islands.
They may be named from their position with respect to the sky, such as the Upper (Superum) and the Lower (Inferum) Seas - because the east is upper and the west is lower - that is, the Tuscan (i.e. Tyrrhenian, known as Mare Inferum) and the Adriatic (Superum).
The city Septe (i.e. Ceuta) is named from its seven (septem) mountains, called The Brothers (Fratres) because of their mutual resemblance, which border on the Strait of Gibraltar (Gaditanus fretus, 'Strait of Cadiz').
Nome: 91_5208_5208 ironpointed_yews_ironpointed
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5.208): The iron-pointed javelins and the pikes (contus) with their sharpened tip.
There is a javelin called cateia, which Horace calls caia.
Satires 13): Siplae and amphitapae soft with thick pile.
Nome: 92_immanis_camps_brundisium_burgus
Quantidade de documentos: 29
There are many tribes of Germani, varied in their weaponry, differing in the color of their clothes, of mutually incomprehensible languages, and with uncertain etymologies of their names - such as the Tolosates, the Amsivari, the Quadi, the Tuungri, the Marcomanni, the Bruteri, the Chamavi, the Blangiani, the Tubantes.
The country is rich in men and has a numerous and fierce (immanis) population; due to this and its fecundity in producing peoples it is called Germania (cf. germinare, "germinate").
The Greeks built Brundisium (i.e. Brindisi), and it is called Brundisium in Greek because brunda means "head of a stag," for it is the case that in the shape of the city may be seen the horns and head and tongue.
Nome: 93_eating_table_edere_eating edere
Quantidade de documentos: 29
It was formerly called ador from 'eating' (edere), because it was what people first used, or because in a sacrifice bread of that kind was offered 'at altars' (ad aras) - whence furthermore sacrifices are called adorea (i.e. an honorary gift of grain).
Merenda is a meal taken late in the day, as if it were 'to be eaten in the afternoon' (postmeridie edenda) and very close to dinner - hence it is also called antecenium (lit. "before dinner") by some people.
Hence also merenda (see ii.12 above), because in ancient times that was the time at which plain (merus) bread would be given to laboring servants - or, because at that time of day people 'took a siesta' (meridiare) alone and separately, not, that is, as at lunch and dinner, gathered at one table.
Nome: 94_rich_argyre_springs great_fertility soil
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The reason why the sea has no increase in its size, even though it receives all the rivers and springs, is partly because its own huge size is not affected by the waters flowing in; then again, it is because the bitter water consumes the fresh water flowing in; or because the clouds themselves draw up and absorb a great deal of water; or because the winds carry away part of the sea, and the sun dries up part; finally, because it is percolated through certain hidden openings in the earth, and runs back again to the source of springs and fountains.
The region is characterized by rich and grassy soil and is well suited for animal husbandry, well watered by streams and springs, with the two great rivers Rhine and Rhone flowing through it.
Indeed, well-suited by their nature, they produce fruit from very precious trees; the ridges of their hills are spontaneously covered with grapevines; instead of weeds, harvest crops and garden herbs are common there.
Nome: 95_birds_augurs_companions_auspicium
Quantidade de documentos: 28
They are called 'auspicious signs' (auspicium) as if it were 'observations of birds' (avium aspicium), and 'auguries' (augurium), as if it were 'bird calls' (avium garria), that is, the sounds and languages of birds.
Some are simple, like the dove, and others clever, like the partridge; some allow themselves to be handled, like the falcon, while others are fearful, like the garamas; some enjoy the company of humans, like the swallow, while others prefer a secluded life in deserted places, like the turtledove; some feed only on the seeds they find, like the goose, while others eat meat and are eager for prey, like the kite; some are indigenous and always stay in the same location, like [
the sparrow], while others are migratory and return at certain seasons, like the stork and the swallow; some are gregarious, that is, they fly in a flock, like the starling and the quail, while others are loners, that is, they are solitary, on account of the strategies of hunting, like the eagle, the hawk, and others of this type.
Nome: 96_arts_minerva_daedalus_near alexandria
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Thus the orator Demosthenes used a fable against Philip: when Philip had ordered the Athenians to give him ten orators, and only then would he depart, Demosthenes invented a fable by which he dissuaded the Athenians from yielding.
It is reported that this boy had such genius that, when he sought a quick way to divide wood, he copied the spine of a fish, sharpening a strip of iron and arming it with the biting power of teeth.
The first to devise the equipment for cooking was a certain Apicius, who died by his own choice, after stuffing himself with dainties - and deservedly so, because he who is slave to his maw and to gluttony kills both the soul and the body.
Nome: 97_2yvo lamp_2yvo_12161_180 sunt
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2.16): Sectaque intexunt abiete costas.
12.161): Interea reges ingenti mole, Latinus . .
1.80): Sunt nobis mitia poma, . .
Nome: 98_unjust_commonplace_aequus_iniquity
Quantidade de documentos: 28
A commonplace (locus communis) pertains to the demonstrative class of blaming, but it differs from it in a certain way, for blame, which is the opposite of praise, is directed especially to the particular character of the doer,
But he does not govern who does not correct (corrigere); therefore the name of king is held by one behaving rightly (recte), and lost by one doing wrong.
Fair (aequus), meaning "naturally just," from 'equity' (aequitas), that is, after the idea of what is equal (aequus) - whence likewise 'equity' is so called after a certain equalness (aequalitate).
Nome: 99_hair_sus_hair coma_crines
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Hair (capilli) is so called as if it came from 'strands belonging to the head' (capitis pilus), made so as both to be an ornament, and to protect the head against the cold and defend it from the sun. 'Strands of hair' (pilus) are so called after the skin (pellis) from which they grow, just as the pestle (pilo, i.e. pilum) is so called froma mortar (pila), where pigment is ground.
67. 'Venus's hair' (capillum Veneris) is so called because it reestablishes hair (capillum) lost from alopecia, or because it discourages hair loss, or because it has smooth, black shoots that shine like hair.
The hairpin (acus) is what holds an arrangement for adorning women's hair in place, lest strands of hair fall loose and fly about here and there.
Nome: 100_land grows_stony soil_grows_stony
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This tree grows in desolate places in stony soil.
The colocynth (colocynthis) is a wild cucumber that is ferociously bitter.
It grows in friable, stony soil, or near oaks.
Nome: 101_father sky_cut genitals_sky caelus_genitals father
Quantidade de documentos: 27
They imagine that Saturn cut off the genitals of his father, the Sky (Caelus), so that the blood flowed into the sea, and that Venus was born from it as the foam of the sea solidified.
Now, it is said that Saturn cut off the male organs of his father, the Sky, and that these created Venus when they fell into the sea; this is imagined because, unless moisture descends from the sky to the land, nothing is created.
The giant Nebroth went there after the confusion of the tongues and taught the Persians to worship fire, for in those regions everyone worships the sun, which is called El in their language.
Nome: 102_son daughter_aunt_uncle_paternal aunt
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In another manner, just as matron (matrona) is a name for the mother of a first child, that is, as though the term were the mater nati ("mother of one born"), so the 'materfamilias' is the woman who has borne several children - for a family (familia) comes into existence from two people.
The grandmother (avia) of my paternal aunt is my great-greatpaternal aunt (proamita) and I am the son or daughter of her grandson or granddaughter.
The great-grandmother (proavia) of my paternal aunt is my great-great-great paternal aunt (abamita) and I am the son or daughter of her grandson or granddaughter.
Nome: 103_complete victory_routed_routed enemy_procession
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It is called 'barbarism' from barbarian (barbarus) peoples, since they were ignorant of the purity of the Latin language, for some groups of people, once they had been made Romans, brought to Rome their mistakes in language and customs as well as their wealth.
Then Mixed, which emerged in the Roman state after the wide expansion of the Empire, along with new customs and peoples, corrupted the integrity of speech with solecisms and barbarisms.
Further, whoever conquered in combat would be crowned with a gilded palm-wreath, because the palm has thorns, but whoever laid the fleeing enemy low without combat would get a laurel wreath, because that tree is without thorns.
Nome: 104_persons trinity_share single_univocal_fasting
Quantidade de documentos: 27
With regard to time it has truly been said (I Thessalonians 5:17), "Pray without ceasing," but this applies to individuals; in a religious community there is a service at certain hours to signal the divisions of the day - at the third hour, the sixth, and the ninth (i.e. Terce, Sext, and Nones) - and likewise the divisions of the night.
But we also read that Daniel observed these times in his prayer (Daniel 6:13), and in any case it is the teaching from the Israelites that we should pray not less than three times a day, for we are debtors of three - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit - not counting, of course, other prayers as well, which are due without any notice being given, at the onset of day or of night or of the watches of the night.
Of seasons also, which were established by legal and prophetic customs at fixed times, as the fast of the fourth, fifth, seventh, and tenth month (Zechariah 8:19); or, as in the Gospel (Matthew 9:15), the days for fasting on which the bridegroom has been taken away; or as the observance of Lent, which is observed in the whole world, according to the apostolic institution, leading up to the time of the Lord's Passion.
Nome: 105_miles_roman miles_120_stade
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In length it stretches 780 stades (i.e. about ninety miles) to Zoara in Arabia and its width is 150 stades, up to the neighborhood of Sodom.
It is called Sigeum due to the silence of Hercules, because, denied hospitality by the Trojan king Laomedon, he feigned his departure and from there came back against Troy in silence, which is called oty?.
They say Hercules first established the stade, and fixed it as that distance that he himself could complete in one breath, and accordingly named it 'stade' (stadium) because at its end he caught his breath and at the same time 'stood still' (stare).
Nome: 106_magicians_magicians stone_longlasting_invulnerable
Quantidade de documentos: 27
Some people think the gemstone jasper provides good fortune and protection to pregnant women - but this belief belongs not to faith but to superstition.
With the fumes of agates magicians, if it may be credited, ward off storms and halt the flow of rivers.
Like amber, it is said to ward off poison, drive away vain fears, and resist malicious witchery.
Nome: 107_phoroneus_king phoroneus_lipare_phoroneus gave
Quantidade de documentos: 27
King Phoroneus was the first to establish laws and legal processes for the Greeks.
Lycurgus first devised legal structures for the Spartans by the authority of Apollo.
): Turnus was first (princeps) to hurl a burning torch, where princeps means 'the first one.'
Nome: 108_phrygia_phrygia major_parthenope_ilium phrygia
Quantidade de documentos: 26
The legend evidently signifies in a mystical sense that the air (aer), where they claim that heroes live, is assigned to Juno.
Indeed, neighboring people give the name Scylla to a rock jutting over the sea that is similar to the fabled shape when seen from a distance.
Smyrna lies in Phrygia Major and Ilium in Phrygia Minor.
Nome: 109_boards tabula_boards_bricks_tabula
Quantidade de documentos: 26
The term 'temple' (templum) is general, for the ancients would give the name 'temples' to all sorts of large places, and temples (templa) were so named as if they were called 'spacious shelters' (tecta ampla).
There are four kinds of round columns: Doric, Ionic, Tuscan, and Corinthian, differing among themselves in the ratio of thickness to height.
Bricks (later) and tiles (laterculus), because they are made in a wide (latus) mold by means of four wooden forms placed around their sides.
Nome: 110_maeotian_maeotian swamps_germania_danube
Quantidade de documentos: 26
The first region of Europe is lower Scythia, which begins in the Maeotian swamps (i.e. the Sea of Azov), stretching between the Danube and the northern Ocean up to Germania.
From here Egypt is in the east, the Greater Syrtes and the Trogodytae (i.e. the Troglodytes) are in the west, the Libyan Sea lies to the north, and in the south are Ethiopia and various barbarian nations and inaccessible wilderness, which also brings forth basilisk serpents.
This province has the Greater Syrtes and the Trogodytae (i.e. the Troglodytes) to the east, the Adriatic Sea in the north, in the west Byzacium and in the south the Gaetuli and the Garamantes, extending to the Ethiopian Ocean.
Nome: 111_sabbath_weekday_lords day_lords
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5. Days (dies) are so called from 'the gods' (deus, ablative plural diis), whose names the Romans conferred upon certain astral bodies, for they named the first day from the sun, which is the chief of all the astral bodies, just as that day is head of all the days.
10. 'Fifth of the sabbath' is the fifth weekday, that is, fifth counting (i.e. inclusively) from the Lord's Day, which is called the day of Jupiter among the pagans. 'Sixth of the sabbath' is what the sixth weekday is called, which is named the day of Venus among those same pagans.
We ourselves celebrate this number still in the number of days of Pentecost after the resurrection of the Lord, with sin forgiven and the written record of our whole debt erased, as we are freed from every trammel, receiving the grace of the Holy Spirit coming upon us.
Nome: 112_cloth_cloth named_silk_threads
Quantidade de documentos: 26
Now, 'silk' (sericum) is one thing, and 'Syrian' (Syricum) is another, for silk is a fiber that the Chinese (Seres; East Asians generally) export, while Syrian is a pigment that the Syrian Phoenicians gather at the shores of the Red Sea.
Silk (bombycinus) cloth is named from the silkworm (bombyx), which produces extremely long threads from itself; something woven of these threads is called 'silken' (bombycinus).
Serica (i.e. another word for silk) cloth is named from 'silken' (sericus), or because the Seres (i.e. the Chinese, or East Asians generally; see XIV.iii.29) first made it available.
Nome: 113_sky caelum_caelum_like engraved_air aer
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There are also other small marks (i.e. signes de renvoi) made in books for drawing attention to things that are explained at the edges of the pages, so that when the reader finds a sign of this type in the margin he may know that it is an explanation of the same word or line that he finds with a similar mark lying above it when he turns back to the text.
Jeduthun, "he who leaps across those" or "he who jumps those," for this person called 'the leaper across' leapt by his singing across certain people who were cleaving to the ground, bent down to the earth, thinking about things that are at the lowest depths, and putting their hope in transient things.
Just as with reference to physical bodies if things are arranged according to their weight, all heavier ones are lower, so with reference to the spirit, all the more grievous ones are lower; whence in the Greek language the origin of the term by which the underworld is called is said to echo 'what has nothing sweet' (i.e. taking the Greek (tm)A6?ç, "Hades, underworld," as from a +¡6áç, "not sweet").
Nome: 114_harbor_atrium_portus_harbor portus
Quantidade de documentos: 25
The ancients would call it a harbor 'for shipping' (baia), from conveying (baiolare) merchandise, with the same declension - baia, gen. baias - as the declension familia, gen. familias ("household").
i.56 above). 'Door panels' (foris) or leaves (valva) are also elements of a door, but the former are so called because they swing out (foras), the latter swing (revolvere) inward, and they can be folded double - but usage has generally corrupted those terms.
The intervallum is the space between the tops of the ramparts, that is, the tops of the posts with which the rampart is furnished - hence other things are also called 'spaces' (spatium), the term evidently derived from 'posts' (stipes, gen. stipitis).
Nome: 115_y2um_cedrus_means sweet_took greeks
Quantidade de documentos: 25
Latin speakers name the chestnut (castanea) from a Greek term, for the Greeks call it maot?vta, because its paired fruits are hidden in a small sack like testicles, and when they are ejected from it, it is as if they were castrated (castrare).
Hence Varro (i.e. Varro Atacinus, not Marcus Terentius Varro) says (fr. 20): The Indian reed does not grow into a great tree; its sap is squeezed from its supple roots, and no sweet honey can vie with its juice.
This last prefix lends its meaning because when it is struck with iron claws the bark of the wood exudes a sap of excellent scent through its cavities - for in Greek a cavity is called òp?.
Nome: 116_arithmetic_geometry_music_music way
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Later Plato divided physics into four categories: arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.
However, music, geometry, and astronomy, which follow arithmetic, require its support in order to exist and hold their place.
There are differences between arithmetic, geometry, and music, in the way that you discover their means.
Nome: 117_europe africa_europe_province narbonne_bays
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The third of the globe that is called Europe (Europa) begins with the river Tanais (i.e. the Don), passing to the west along the northern Ocean as far as the border of Spain, and its eastern and southern parts rise from the Pontus (i.e. the Black Sea) and are bordered the whole way by the Mediterranean and end in the islands of Gades (i.e. Cadiz).
This end of Africa rises up from seven mountains, bounded in the east by the river Malva, in the north by the straits of Cadiz, in the west by the Atlantic Ocean, in the south by the tribes of the Gaulales, who roam as far as the Hesperian (i.e. "Western") Sea.
It is separated from Italy by a narrow strait, and looks out upon the African Sea; it has rich soil and abundant gold, and is riddled with caves and tunnels, full of winds and sulfur; accordingly the flames of Mount Etna show themselves there.
Nome: 118_proportion_equal proportion_feet feet_rulers
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In the smaller member of this foot one unit more than the minimum is found, and in the larger member one unit less than the maximum, for sescum is a word for 'half.'
There are, therefore, ten feet with equal proportion, six with duple proportion, one with triple proportion, seven with sescuple proportion, and four with epitrite proportion.
Those who pass the ball to their fellow players by striking it with the outstretched lower leg are said to 'give it the calf' (suram dare).
Nome: 119_gladius_unguis_echinus_piscis
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Sheatfish (porcus marinus, lit. "sea pigs"), commonly called suilli (lit. "small swine"), are so named because when they seek food they root up the earth underwater like swine.
The weever (aranea, lit. "spider") is a kind of fish so called because it strikes with its ear (auris); for its ear has stingers with which it attacks.
The sparus (lit. "spear," i.e. a small sea bream) takes its name from the throwing lance, because it has the same shape - for terrestrial things were discovered before marine ones.
Nome: 120_arma_armus_arms arma_armilla
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The Sarmatians rode armed (armatus) over the open fields before Lentulus restrained them at the Danube, and from their enthusiasm for weaponry (arma) they are thought to have received the name Sarmatians.
We say shoulder (humerus, i.e. umerus), as if the word were the 'forequarter of an animal' (armus), to distinguish humans from mute animals, so that we say human beings have shoulders, whereas animals have forequarters, for forequarters in the proper sense belong to quadrupeds.
. Arms properly are so called because they cover the shoulders, for arms (arma) are named from 'shoulders' (armus), that is, from upper arms (umerus), as (Vergil, Aen.
Nome: 121_sallust_mastruca_sallust histories_histories
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It ought to say, Interea reges ingenti mole ("In the meantime, the kings in mighty pomp"), and immediately add what logically follows (12.169), procedunt castris ("proceed to camp"), and then say Latinus . .
Each nationality has its own costume belonging just to it, such as the Parthians and their sarabara (i.e. wide trousers), the Gauls and their linna, the Germans and their reno, the Spaniards and their stringes, the Sardinians and their mastruca.
The mastruca is a Germanic garment made from the hides of wild animals, about which Cicero speaks in On Behalf of Scaurus (45): "He whom the royal purple did not disturb, was he moved by the mastruca of the Sardinians?" Mastruca is as if the word were monstruosus ("monstrous"), because those who wear them are transformed as if in the garb of wild animals.
Nome: 122_pale color_porous_crystal_dull
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Hence the lengthy and enduring hardness itself produces the specific form that is called 'crystal.'
It has such strength of hardness that other gems are carved using its fragments.
It looks rather dull and when used as a wall mirror it reflects shadows instead of images.
Nome: 123_written conjunction_conjunction_written diphthong_preposition
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So, for instance, bonum factum ("good deed") would be written as BF, senatus consultum ("senate decree") as SC, respublica ("republic") as RP, populus Romanus ("Roman people") as PR, dumtaxat ("at least") as DT, mulier ("woman") by the upside-down letter M, pupillus ("male orphan") by a regular P, pupilla ("female orphan") by a with the top reversed, caput ("head") by a single K, calumniae causa ("case of false accusation") by two joined KK, iudex esto ("let the judge be present") by IE, dolum malum ("grievous fraud") by DM.
Thus while we say centum ("hundred") and trecentos ("three hundred"), after that we say quadringentos ("four hundred"), putting G for C. Similarly there is a kinship between C and Q, for we write huiusce ("of this") with C and cuiusque ("of each") with a Q. The preposition cum ("with") should be written with a C, but if it is a conjunction ("while"), then it should be written with a Q, for we say quum lego ("while I speak").
Quod ("that") when it is a pronoun should be written with D, whena numeric term with T (i.e. quot, "as many"), because totidem ("just as many") is written with T. Quotidie ("daily") should be written with Q, not C (i.e. cotidie), since it is quot diebus ("on as many days").
Nome: 124_tendrils_hedges_switches flagellum_sheepfolds
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A mallet-shoot (malleolus) is a sweet young vine-shoot sprung from a young branch of the prior year, and named for its likeness to the thing, because at the section where it is cut from the old shoot the protuberance on both sides looks like a hammer (malleus).
Corymbi are the curling tendrils that bind and hold fast to whatever is nearest, so that shoots are not loosed too far out and torn away by blasts of wind.
Gardeners call the long beam with which they draw water a telo (cf. tolleno, "swing-beam"), and it is so called because of its length, for whatever is long is called t?2óv in Greek (cf. t?2?, t?2ou, "far off") - hence also they say 'weasel' (mustela) as if it were a 'long mouse' (mus).
Nome: 125_menstrual blood_menstrual_alere_eggs
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If they are touched by the blood of the menses, crops cease to sprout, unfermented wine turns sour, plants wither, trees lose their fruit, iron is corrupted byrust, bronze turns black.
5. 'Sumptuous meals' (epulae) are so called from the opulence (opulentia) of things. 'Ordinary meals' (epulae simplices) are divided into two necessary elements, bread and wine, and two categories beyond these, namely, what people seek out for eating from the land and from the sea.
Satiety (satietas) and fullness (saturitas) are distinct, for satiety can be spoken of with regard to a single food, because it is enough (satis), but fullness takes its name from a 'mixed dish' (satura) that is made up of a varied preparation of foods.
Nome: 126_drinking_flagon_sicula_named drinking
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A cup (poculum) is named from 'drinking' (potare), for it is any vessel customarily used for drinking.
A patera is a phiala so called either because we usually drink (potare) from it, or because they are 'wide open' (patere) with wide rims.
3. Flagon (lagoena) and Sicula (lit. "Sicilian") are Greek words, partly changed as they became Latin, for they say 2?y?voç, we, lagoena; they, Ctm?2?, we, Sicula.
Nome: 127_bile_melancholy_gout_yo2
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The Greeks gave choler its name because it ends in the space of a day; hence it is called 'cholera,' that is, 'little bile,' being an effusion of bile - for the Greeks call bile yo2?.
5. Black bile (melancholia) is so called because it is a large amount of bile mixed with the dregs of black blood, for in Greek black is µs2aç and bile is yo2?.
Acute sufferings, which the Greeks call ò(sa, arise from blood and bile, whereas from phlegm and black bile come longstanding conditions, which the Greeks call ypóvta.
Nome: 128_maw_raw_glutton_maw gula
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Among other things, they practice circumcision; they say there will be one thousand (mille) years of enjoyment of the flesh after resurrection, whence they are also called Chiliasts (Chiliasta; cf. yt2t?ç, "thousand") in Greek and Miliasts (Miliastus) in Latin.
Cruel (crudelis), that is, raw (crudus), which the Greeks call ?µóç ("raw"), witha transferred sense as if uncooked and not suitable for eating, for such a one is harsh and hard-hearted.
Debauchery (crapula) is immoderate voracity, as if it were a 'raw meal' (cruda epula), by whose rawness the heart is burdened and the stomach is made to suffer indigestion.
Nome: 129_figuratively things_figuratively_love dilectio_applied god
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But human poverty of diction has taken up this term from our usage, and likewise for the remaining terms, insofar as what is ineffable can be spoken of in any way - for human speech says nothing suitable about God - so the other terms are also deficient.
There are certain terms applied to God from human usage, taken from our body parts or from lesser things, and because in his own nature he is invisible and incorporeal, nevertheless appearances of things, as the effects of causes, are ascribed to him, so that he might more easily make himself known to us by way of the usage of our speech.
yvota, "ignorance"), because to that perversity from which they arise they add this: that the divinity of Christ is ignorant of the things to come, which are written concerning the last day and hour - they do not recall the person of Christ speaking in Isaiah (cf. 63:4
Nome: 130_goodlooking_formosus_blood sanguis_sanguis
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Health is integrity of the body and a balance of its nature with respect to its heat and moisture, which is its blood - hence health (sanitas) is so called, as if it were the condition of the blood (sanguis).
Hydromancers (hydromantius) are so called from water, for hydromancy is calling up the shades of demons by gazing into water, and watching their images or illusions, and hearing something from them, when they are said to consult the lower beings by use of blood.
Finally, physicians and those who write about the physiology of the human body, especially Galen in his book titled W?pot? inquo, say that the bodies of children, youths, and men and women of mature age burn with an innate heat, and that for these ages foods that increase heat are noxious, and that to take whatever things are cold for eating conduces to good health.
Nome: 131_liar_sentenced_censure_swears
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Prison, the place in which criminals are held in custody, and it is called prison (carcer) because in it people are confined (coercere) and shut in, as if the word were arcer, that is, from enclosing (arcere).
Censure (animadversio) is what occurs when a judge punishes a guilty man, and he is said to pass censure, that is, to 'turn his attention' (animum . .
Treacherous (perfidus), because fraudulent and without good faith (fides), as if 'losing faith' (perdens fidem).
Nome: 132_lioness_leo_dracaena_dragoness
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The lynx (lyncis, i.e. lynx) is so called because it is reckoned among the wolves (lupus) in kind; it is a beast that has spotted markings on its back, like a pard, but it is similar to a wolf; whence the wolf has the name 2ámoç and the other animal, 'lynx.'
Pliny (Natural History 32.142) says there are 144 names for all the animals living in the waters, divided into these kinds: whales, snakes common to land and water, crabs, shellfish, lobsters, mussels, octopuses, sole, Spanish mackerel (lacertus), squid, and the like.
And just as the word leaena ("lioness") is formed from leo ("lion"), and dracaena ("dragoness") from draco ("dragon"), so gallina ("hen") is formed from gallus.
Nome: 133_similitudo_fate_happened happen_simulacrum
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Schemas (schema, plural schemata) are translated from Greek into Latin as 'figures of speech' (eloquium figurae), which occur in words and phrases in various forms of speaking, for the sake of ornamenting speech.
And the significance of internecivus is that is refers to the destruction (enectio), as it were, of an individual - for they used to put the prefix interin place of e-: Naevius (fr. 55): "mare interbibere" ("to drain the sea") and Plautus (fr. 188): "interluere mare" ("to wash away the sea"); that is, ebibere and eluere.
Moreover, the name of hypocrita derives from the appearance of those who go in theatrical spectacles with countenance concealed, marking their face with blue and red and other pigments, holding masks of linen and plaster of Paris decorated with various colors, sometimes also smearing their necks and hands with white clay, in order to arrive at the coloring of the character they portray and to deceive the public while they act in plays.
Nome: 134_winged_wings_said wings_flight
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Lucretius, On the Nature of Things 5.1192): Nubila, nix, grando, procellae, fulmina, venti (Clouds, snow, hail, tempests, lightning, winds).
6.80): With what running (i.e. with what flight) she (i.e. Philomela transformed into a bird) sought deserted places; this associates the running of a quadruped with a winged creature.
For this reason the license of artists makes wings for them, to signify their swift course on all their missions, just as in poetic fiction the winds are said to have wings to indicate their speed.
Nome: 135_extra_exile_land extra_outside land
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Exile (exul), because one is 'outside his native soil' (extra solumsuum), as if sent beyond his soil, or wandering outside his soil, for those who go outside their soil are said to 'be in exile' (exulare).
Banished (extorris), because one is 'outside his own land' (extra terram suam), as if the term were exterris - but properly speaking one is banished when driven out by force and ejected from his native soil with terror (terror).
Banished (extorris), 'outside the land' (extra terram), or 'beyond one's frontier' (extra terminos suos), because one is frightened (exterrere).
Nome: 136_fines_solidus_boundaries_crossroads
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The action of fines regundi is so called because through it the boundaries (fines) of each party may be drawn (regere), lest they be blurred, as long as the disagreement does not concern a place narrower than five feet.
A field is called 'naturally enclosed' (arcifinius) when it is not bounded by fixed measures of boundary-lines, but its 'boundaries are enclosed' (arcentur fines) by a barrier of rivers, mountains, or trees - wherefore also no leftover patches of land interrupt these fields.
The throne (solium), on which kings sit for the safety of their bodies, is so called, according to some, for its 'solidity' (soliditas), as if it were solidum; according to others the word is formed by antistichon (i.e. by antistoechum, "substitution of letters") as if the word were sodium, from 'sitting' (sedere).
Nome: 137_cinnabar_adulterated_ammoniac_distilled
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Corinthian is similar to drops of ammoniac gum with a variety of different colors.
When the vessel is sealed, coals are placed around it and thus quicksilver is distilled from cinnabar.
One is like gum without any biting quality, the other is ammoniac pitch collected from the drippings, and is biting.
Nome: 138_epitrite_paeon_ionic_acephalus called
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Further, we divide these feet in a duple rhythm: Trochee ? Iamb ?
We divide the rest into the epitrite proportion: First Epitrite ?
The fourth, Ionic; the fifth, Aeolic, which they say the Eolisti spoke.
Nome: 139_theta_write_alpha_letters greek
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The letter X did not exist in Latin until the time of Augustus, [and it was fitting for it to come into existence at that time, in which the name of Christ became known, which is written using the letter which makes the sign of the cross], but they used to write CS in its place, whence X is called a double letter, because it is used for CS, so that it takes its name from the composition of these same letters.
2. Caesar Augustus also said to his son: "Since innumerable things are constantly occurring about which we must write to each other, and which must be secret, let us have between us code-signs, if you will, such that, when something is to be written in code, we will replace each letter with the following letter in this way: b for a, c for b, and then the rest in the same way.
Only Greek words are written with the letters Y and Z, for although the letter Z expresses the sound in iustitia ("justice"), still, because the word is Latin, it must be written with a T. So also militia ("military"), malitia ("malice"), nequitia ("worthlessness"), and other similar words.
Nome: 140_vis_strength virtus_man vir_virtus
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A man (vir) is so called, because in him resides greater power (vis) than in a woman - hence also 'strength' (virtus) received its name - or else because he deals with a woman by force (vis).
She who is nowadays called a woman (femina) in ancient times was called vira; just as 'female slave' (serva) was derived from 'male slave' (servus) and 'female servant' (famula) from 'male servant' (famulus), so also woman (vira) from man (vir).
moreover from 'vigor' (vis)] or from 'strength' (virtus) because it contains a great deal of vigor, or from 'greenness' (viriditas), or because it is a symbol of peace (i.e. as a lictor's rod), because it controls force (vis).
Nome: 141_succentor_choir_singing_sings
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Little by little, many types of these instruments came into existence, such as psalteries, lyres, barbitons, phoenices and pectides, and those types called Indian, which are plucked by two performers at the same time.
A choir (chorus) is a multitude gathered for sacred rites, and it is called a choir because in the beginning they would stand around an altar in the shape of a crown (corona) and thus sing.
The word 'band' (corona, i.e. "a circle of people") is so named for this reason, because in the beginning people would run (currere) around altars, so that a crown was both formed and named according to the image of a circling or a 'group of dancers' (chorus).
Nome: 142_iracundus_wrath_cheerful_ira
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Sick (aeger), because one is pressed (agere) by illness or grief for a time, and sickly (aegrotus), because one is sick rather often - there is the same distinction as between 'angry' (iratus) and 'given to anger' (iracundus).
Dire (dirus), "very mean" and "horrible," as if driven that way 'by divine wrath' (divina ira), for a dire condition means that which is brought on by divine wrath.
Cheerful (ilaris, i.e. hilaris) is a Greek word (i.e. ¬2apóç, "cheerful"). 'Given to merriment' (iocundus), because such a one is always ready for jokes (iocus) and merry-making - from the frequentative element (i.e. -cund-), as is iracundus ("given to wrath"; cf.
Nome: 143_myv_ass_myv greek_dog
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The ass took this name, which is better suited to horses, because before people captured horses, they began by domesticating (praesidere, lit. "sit on") the ass.
The packhorse (caballus) was formerly called a cabo, because when walking it hollows (concavare) the ground with the imprint of its hoof, a property that the other animals do not have.
The tick (ricinus) is a vermin found on dogs (canis), so called because it sits in the 'ears of dogs' (auribus canum), for máYv is the Greek word for dog.
Nome: 144_dishes_ceramic dishes_clay argilla_potters clay
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People say that Tarquinius Priscus first made these in Rome in order that, whenever there was a downpour of rain, water would pass through them out of the city so that the destructive force of water in very great and prolonged storms would not destroy the level places or foundations of the city.
6. 'White clay' (argilla) is named from the Argives, who were the first to make vases from it. 'Cretan earth' (Creta, i.e. white potter's clay) is named from Crete, where the better sort is found.
The use of ceramic dishes was more ancient than the practice of casting with bronze or silver, for the ancients had dishes of neither gold nor silver, but of pottery - such as the dolium devised for wine, the amphora for water, the hydria for baths, and other vessels that are either made on the wheel or shaped by hand for human use.
Nome: 145_brought syria_called pontic_preferred variety_tpstv9o
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Particularly white alabaster originates around Thebes in Egypt and Damascus in Syria, but the highest quality comes from India.
The best of this type is the Damascene (i.e. damson) plum, named for the city of Damascus from which it was first imported.
The preferred variety quite often comes from Mysia in Asia; a false kind, of opposite quality, is from Syria or Judea.
Nome: 146_iberus_ebro_iberus ebro_river iberus
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The Spanish were first named Iberians, after the river Iberus (i.e. the Ebro), but afterwards they were named Spaniards (Hispanus) after Hispalus (i.e. the legendary founder of Hispalis, Seville).
The Celtiberians descended from the Celtic Gauls, and from these names their district, Celtiberia, was named - for they were named Celtiberians after the river Iberus of Spain, where they are settled, and after the Gauls, who were called Celtic, with the two terms combined.
Its near parts stretch towards Iberia (Hiberia) and the Cantabrian Ocean (i.e. the Bay of Biscay), whence it is called Hibernia; but it is called Scotia, because it has been colonized by tribes of the Scoti.
Nome: 147_wild beasts_produces wild_onagers_onagers wandering
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It produces the Hyrcanian birds, whose feathers shine at night; it also produces wild bison, wild oxen, and elk.
The nearer part of it is fruitful, but the more remote part is filled with wild beasts and serpents and great onagers wandering in the desert.
However, in areas covered by forest it produces wild animals, in steep mountains horses and onagers.
Nome: 148_map6ca_cor_caementum_palpitare
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Chaste (castus) was first so called after the term 'castration' (castratio); afterwards the ancients chose so to call those who would promise perpetual abstinence from sexual intercourse.
The crown (agger) is the raised middle part of a street paved with stones heaped together (coaggerare), and named from 'mound' (agger), that is, a 'heaping together' (coacervatio).
This derives from the Hebrew language and is called cor from its similarity to a mound, for Hebrew speakers call mounds corea - for thirty modii heaped up together look like a mound, and equal the weight that a camel carries.
Nome: 149_vermin_tarmus_bees_mawworm
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Indeed, many creatures naturally undergo mutation and, when they decay, are transformed into different species - for instance bees, out of the rotted flesh of calves, or beetles from horses, locusts from mules, scorpions from crabs.
There are flesh vermin: the hemicranius, the mawworm, the ascaris, the costus, the louse, the flea, the nit (lens), the tarmus, the tick, the usia, the bed-bug.
In particular, vermin (vermis, here specifically "maggots") are generated in putrid meat, the mothworm in clothing, the cankerworm in vegetables, the wood-worm in wood, and the tarmus in fat.
Nome: 150_modius_metreta_satum_measure
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Its name is taken from the Hebrew language, for they refer to a 'taking' or a 'lifting' as satum, because whoever makes a measurement takes and lifts this very measure.
The medimna is named from the Latin language, that is, half (dimidia), because it measures five modii, which is half the number of a perfect ten.
The maststep (modius, also meaning "a measure of volume") is that in which the mast stands, named on account of its resemblance to a measuring vessel.
Nome: 151_articulate words_strength speed_articulate_quadruped
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It alone of all the meters is suited for great works as much as for small, equally capable of smoothness and sweetness.
It is crested, and has a small mouth and narrow pipes through which it draws breath and sticks out its tongue.
It is thought to sing sweetly because it has a long curved neck, and a voice forcing its way by a long and winding path necessarily renders varied modulations.
Nome: 152_leah_said genesis_rachel_leah said
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Naphtali: the principle in his name has to do with "conversion" or "comparison" (comparatio), whence Rachel said, when her maid Bilhah had given birth to him, "God hath made me live in a dwelling with my sister."
Dan means "judgment," for when Bilhah gave birth to him, her mistress Rachel said (Genesis 30:6), "The Lord hath judged for me, and hearing my voice he hath given me a son."
Gad was named from "outcome" or "disposition," for when Zilpah had given birth to him, her mistress Leah said (Genesis 30:11), "Happily," that is, meaning with regard to his disposition or to his outcome.
Nome: 153_sanctum_sanctus_holy sanctus_sacramentum
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These things are called sacraments (sacramentum) for this reason, that under the covering of corporeal things the divine virtue very secretly brings about the saving power of those same sacraments - whence from their secret (secretus) or holy (sacer) power they are called sacraments.
Satirists (saturicus) are so called either because they are filled with all eloquence, or from fullness (saturitas) and abundance - for they speak about many things at the same time - or from the platter (i.e. satura) with various kinds of fruit and produce that people used to offer at the temples of the pagans, or the name is taken from 'satyr plays' (satyrus), which contain things that are said in drunkenness, and go unpunished.
The sacrarium is properly the place in a temple where holy things (sacrum) are put away; similarly the 'temple treasurechamber' (donarium), where offerings are gathered; similarly the 'rows of seating' (lectisternium) where people are accustomed to sit.
Nome: 154_quills_furvus_spider_dark furvus
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Switches (virga) are the tips of branches and trees, so called because they are green (viridis), or because they possess the power of persuading (vis arguendi); if it is smooth, it is a switch, but if it is knotty and has points, it is correctly called by the term scorpio (lit. "scorpion"), because it is driven into the body leaving a curved wound.
The wether (vervex) is either named from 'force' (vis, gen. viris), because it is stronger than the other sheep, or because it is male (vir), that is, masculine; or because it has a worm (vermis) in its head - irritated by the itching of these worms they butt against each other and strike with great force when they fight.
The mole (furo) is named from 'dark' (furvus), whence also comes the word 'thief' (fur), for it digs dark and hidden tunnels and tosses out the prey that it finds.
Nome: 155_geo_vergil geo_geo 4169_4169
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Whence also Aesop's fables are the kind told for the purpose of a moral, just as in the book of Judges (9:8) the trees seek a king for themselves and speak to the olive tree, the fig tree, the grape vine, and the bramble-bush.
This is revealed by that ancient couplet (Martial, Epigrams 13.49): Although the fig feeds me, since I am nourished by sweet grapes, why was it not the grape (uva) rather that gave me my name (i.e. uvedula)?
Its fruit is an antidote for poison, and it is this property that the same poet wishes to be understood when he tells us that the life's breath is nourished by it (Vergil, Geo. 2.126-35).
Nome: 156_firmament_atoms_living creatures_condemned
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The first age has the creation of the world as its beginning, for on the first day God, with the name of 'light,' created the angels; on the second, with the name of the 'firmament,' the heavens; on the third, with the name of 'division,' the appearance of waters and the earth; on the fourth, the luminaries of the sky; on the fifth, the living creatures from the waters; on the sixth, the living creatures from the earth and the human being, whom he called Adam.
The elements are assigned by Divine Providence to the appropriate living beings, for the Creator himself has filled heaven (i.e. the fiery realm) with angels, air with birds, water with fish, and earth with humans and the rest of the living things.
The element of water rules over all the rest, for water tempers the sky, makes the earth fertile, gives body to the air with its exhalation, ascends to the heights, and claims the sky for itself.
Nome: 157_crimson_thieves_fountains_sterile
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In Sardinia warm springs heal eyes, and expose thieves, for when blindness is cured, their crimes are revealed.
It is fed by melting snows at the rising of the Dog Star (i.e. in the dog days of summer), and with the addition of thirty other streams it empties into the Adriatic Sea near Ravenna.
Sardinia has hot springs that bring healing to the sick and blindness to thieves if they touch their eyes with this water after an oath has been given.
Nome: 158_patv_patv patv_send_combine
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6tamov?±v, "minister," "do service") is related to 'dispensing of service' (ministerii dispensatio).
µ??(c)ç, "on both sides"; ßa(c)v?tv, "go"), one in the proper place and one on the tail, and it advances with both heads leading, its body trailing in a loop.
6. Skein (mataxa), so called as if the word were metaxa, from the windingaround of threads, clearly, for a turning-point (meta) is a going-around - or it is because it is transferred (cf. µ?ta-
Nome: 159_diple_amphibrach_declined cases_extreme proportion
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Certain nouns and adjectives are called hexaptota because they have distinct inflection in six cases, as the word unus ("one").
There is only one that has triple proportion, which is the most extreme proportion and is therefore present in few meters.] Amphibrach ? ?
The diple pointing right and reversed with an obolus above is used when a unit is completed in that place, and signifies that something similar follows.
Nome: 160_evenly_equal numbers_odd_numbers
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Odd numbers are subdivided into these categories: the primary and simple; the secondary and compound; and the tertiary and mean, which in a certain way is primary and non-compound, but in another way is secondary and compound.
It is quite certain that numbers are 'without limit' (infinitus), since at whatever number you think the limit has been reached, that same number can be increased - not, I say, by the addition of only one, but however large it is, and however huge a number it contains, by reason and by the science of numbers it can be not only doubled, but even further multiplied.
Although in the sequence of numbers 8 is prior, here one puts 9 first, since in the logic of arithmetic or geometry 8 is more than 9, for 8 is a cube (cubus) or a solid, that is, it is a body of which one can find no more, but 9 is a plane (superficies), that is, it is a thing that is not filled out; rather, it lacks perfection.
Nome: 161_greater lesser_parts second_pignus_signum
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A comparison by analogy can be drawn from eight features: that is, from quality, from the comparative degree, from gender, from number, from form, from case, from endings with similar syllables, and from the similarity of tenses.
Poems and epistles were in a smaller format, but histories were written in a larger size.
Writers of comedies proclaim the deeds of private people, but tragedians, public matters and stories of kings.
Nome: 162_pensum_weights_weighing_trutina
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Arbiter (trutinator), an examiner, weighing out true verdicts according to the scales of judgment, derived from trutina, which is a pair of scales.
A stipend (stipendium) is named from 'payment that is to be weighed' (stips pendenda), for the ancients were accustomed to weigh money out instead of counting it.
An ounce (uncia) is so called because with its unity (unitas) it encircles (vincire) the entirety (universitas) of lesser weights, that is, it embraces them.
Nome: 163_clouds_cloud_fog_overcast sky
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For when it is stirred, it makes winds; when more vehemently agitated, it makes lightning and thunder; when compressed, clouds; when condensed, rain; when it has frozen clouds, snow; when denser clouds freeze with more turbulence, hail; when it expands, bright weather.
2. Clouds (nubes) are named from'veiling' (obnubere), that is, covering the sky; whence also brides (nupta), because they veil their faces, and also Neptune (Neptunus), because he casts a veil (nubere), that is, covers the sea and earth.
Sometimes this shakes everything so violently that it seems to have split the sky, because, when a blast of very violent wind suddenly throws itself into clouds, with an increasingly powerful whirlwind seeking an exit, with a great crash it tears through the cloud, which it has hollowed out, and thus thunder is carried to the ears with a horrendous din.
Nome: 164_begot_600th year_arphachshad_jared
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From Adam to this cataclysm there are 2252 years.] The second age 2244 Two years after the Flood, [when he was 100 years old,] Shem begot Arphachshad, from whom sprang the Chaldeans.
2379 In his 135th year Arphachshad begot Shelah, from whom sprang the Samaritans and the Indians.
3284 In his 100th year Abraham begot Isaac and 3344 Ishmael, from whom sprang the Ishmaelites.
Nome: 165_urine_kidneys renes_olfacere_inguen
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Strangury (stranguria) is so called because it constricts (stringere), causing difficulty in passing urine (urina).
The 'gall bladder' (fel) is so called because it is a small sack (folliculus) producing a liquid that is called bile (bilis).
The bladder (vesica) is so called, because it is filled with urine collected from the kidneys as a 'vessel' is filled up with 'water' (vas . .
Nome: 166_apennine_pannonia_apennine mountains_umbrians
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The Umbrians are a nation of Italy, but they are the offspring of the ancient Gauls, and they inhabit the Apennine mountains.
Like the Umbrians they inhabit the region of the Apennine mountains.
Pannonia is named after the Apennine (Appenninus) Alps, by which it is separated from Italy.
Nome: 167_comma_colon_clause_punctuation
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And where, in the following words, the sentence now makes sense but something still remains for the completion of the sentence, a colon occurs, and we mark it by a point even with the middle of the letter.
The paragraph (paragraphus) is placed so as to separate topics which run on in sequence, just as in a catalog, places are separated from each other, and regions from each other, and in the competitions, prizes are separated from each other, and contests from other contests.
A phrase (comma) is a small component of thought, a clause (colon) is a member, and a sentence (periodos) is a 'rounding-off or compass' (ambitus vel circuitus; cf. p?p(c)o6oç, "going round").
Nome: 168_old testament_twentytwo_twentytwo books_books old
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Some add Ruth and Cinoth, which in Latin is the Lamentations (Lamentatio) of Jeremiah, to the Sacred Writings, and make twenty-four books of the Old Testament, corresponding to the twenty-four Elders who stand present before the face of God (Apocalypse 4:4, etc.).
After the Law (i.e. Torah) was burned by the Chaldeans, the scribe Ezra, inspired with the divine spirit, restored the library of the Old Testament when the Jews had returned to Jerusalem, and he corrected all the scrolls of the Law and Prophets, which had been corrupted by the gentiles, and he ordered the whole Old Testament into twenty-two books, so that there might be as many books in the Law (i.e. the Old Testament) as they had letters of the alphabet.
Among the Greeks likewise Chalcenterus (i.e. Didymus) is exalted with great praise because he published so many books that any of us would be hard put merely to copy out in our own hand such a number of works by another.
Nome: 169_carthaginian ships_called prorostra_set roman_elis
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The Olympic games were established among the Greeks in the neighborhood of Elis, a Greek city, with the people of Elis performing a contest and competition every fifth year (i.e. counting inclusively), with four years intervening.
These places are also called prorostra (lit. "before the prows") because prows (rostrum) were seized from captured Carthaginian ships in the Punic War and set up in the Roman Forum as a sign of this victory.
This place is also called the Prorostra because the beaks (rostrum) of Carthaginian ships, seized in the Punic wars, were removed and set up in the Roman Forum, to be a sign of this victory.
Nome: 170_saw_61_obadiah_saw videre
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Obadiah, "slave of the Lord," for as Moses was servant of the Lord and the apostle Paul was the slave of Christ, so Obadiah, sent as the "ambassador to the nations" (Obadiah 1:1), comes and preaches what befits his prophetic ministry and servitudehence, "slave of the Lord."
A second, according to the spirit, in which we imagine what we sense through the body, as Peter saw the dish sent down from heaven with the various animals (Acts 10:1112), and as Isaiah saw God on the highest seat, not bodily but spiritually (Isaiah 6:1).
. Further, if one may credit it, what of the Pythoness (I Kings 28:7-19 Vulgate), when she called up the spirit of the prophet Samuel from the recesses of the lower region and presented him to the view of the living - if, however, we believe that this was the spirit of the prophet and not some fantastic illusion created by the deception of Satan?
Nome: 171_couch_climbing_climbing scandere_pillow
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3. Couchbacks (fulcrum) are couch ornaments, so called because we are propped up (fulcire) by them, that is, we are supported, or because they prop up the torso and head.
A 'cushioned couch' (pulvinar) is a couch for the wealthy; hence also 'pillow' (pulvillus).
Stools (scamnum) are set against very high beds, and are so called from 'climbing' (scandere), [that is, mounting (ascendere)].
Nome: 172_defense milo_cicero defense_cicero catiline_milo
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Metathesis is the figure that sends the thoughts of the judges toward past or future events, in this way: "Call your minds back to the spectacle of the defeated, wretched city, and imagine that you see the burning, the slaughter, the plundering, the pillage, the wounds on the bodies of children, the capture of wives, the butchering of elders."
%9potoµóç occurs when people pile up in one place several thoughts, briefly set forth, and the speaker runs through them with some haste, as Cicero (Catiline Oration 3.1): "The republic, citizens, and the lives of you all, your goods, fortunes, wives, and children," etc.
The argument is 'by impugning' (a repugnantibus) when what is objected is demolished by some contrary position, as Cicero (Defense of King Deiotarus 15): "This man, therefore, not only freed from such danger, but enriched with most ample honor, would have wished to kill you at home."
Nome: 173_syllables_syllables called_syzygies syzygia_syllables possible
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These are also called 'mongrel' (nothus), because they corrupt the final syllables while the previous syllables stay the same, as in Greek, for example, 'Alexandros,' 'Menandros,' while we (Latin speakers) have 'Alexander,' 'Menander.'
Syllables are called long and short because, due to their varying lengths of sound, they seem to take either a double or single period of time. 'Diphthong' (dipthongus) syllables are so called from the Greek word (i.e. from 6t-, "double" + ??9ó??oç, "sound"), because in them two vowels are joined.
In each foot there occurs an arsis (arsis) and a thesis (thesis), that is, a raising and lowering of the voice - for the feet would not be able to follow a road unless they were alternately raised and lowered.
Nome: 174_affliction_lungs_spleen_coryza
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Coryza occurs whenever a draining from the head reaches the bones of the nose, and causes irritation accompanied by sneezing, whence it takes the name coryza (cf. mópUSa
Scelerosus, "full of wickedness (scelus, gen. sceleris)" - like a place that is 'full of stones' (lapidosus) or 'full of sand' (arenosus) - for a scelerosus person is worse than a sceleratus ("wicked") one.
124. 'Lung' (pulmo) is a word derived from Greek, for the Greeks call the lung p2?áµYv, because it is a fan (flabellum) for the heart, in which the pv?uµa, that is, the breath, resides, through which the lungs are both put in motion and kept in motion - from this also the lungs are so named.
Nome: 175_nyctages_prohibits_arcere_citadels
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The Nyctages (Nyctages) are named from sleep (cf. vá(, gen. vUmtóç, "night"), because they reject night vigils, saying that it is a superstition to violate divine law, which assigns night to resting.
It is called a camp (castra) as if it were 'chaste' (castus), or because there sexual desire would be castrated (castrare)- fora woman never entereda camp.
A covering (tegmen) is so named because it covers (tegere) the limbs, just as a tegumen (i.e. a variant of the same word) is a shelter (tectum) that covers the body.
Nome: 176_governs things_inviolable element_inviolable_governs
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The writers of secular literature would have this discipline be the first among the mathematical disciplines, as this discipline relies on no other for its existence.
Where matter is equated with God, it is the teaching of Zeno, and where we read about a fiery God, Heraclitus has intervened.
5. Fire (ignis) is so named because nothing can be born (gignere) from it, for it is an inviolable element, consuming everything that it seizes.
Nome: 177_baptism_cleansed_sins_water spirit
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This is the reason why baptism is enacted by water: the Lord desired that invisible thing to be granted through the congruent but definitely tangible and visible element over which in the beginning the Holy Spirit moved (Genesis 1:2).
The sacramental 'laying onof hands' (manusimpositio) is done to bid the Holy Spirit come, invoked by means of a blessing, for at that time the Paraclete, after the bodies have been cleansed and blessed, willingly descends from the Father and as it were settles on the water of baptism, as if in recognition of its settling on its original seat - for it is read that in the beginning the Holy Spirit moved over the waters (Genesis 1.2).
For the font (fons) in springshrines is the place of the reborn, in which seven steps are made in the mystery of the Holy Spirit; there are three going down and three coming up: the seventh is the fourth step (i.e. the bottom of the waist-deep baptismal font), and that is like the Son of Man, the extinguisher of the furnace of fire, the sure place for the feet, the foundation of the water, in which the fullness of divinity dwells bodily.
Nome: 178_moses_nun_coheleth_ecclesiastes
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The second is Sophtim, which is Judges; third Samuel, which is First Kings; fourth Malachim, which is Second Kings; fifth Isaiah; sixth Jeremiah; seventh Ezekiel; eighth Thereazar, which is called the Twelve Prophets, whose books are taken as one because they have been joined together since they are short.
ytoç, "holy"; yp????tv, "write"), in which there are nine books: first Job; second the Psalter; third Masloth, which is the Proverbs of Solomon; fourth Coheleth, which is Ecclesiastes; fifth Sir hassirim, which is the Song of Songs; sixth Daniel; seventh Dibre haiamim, which means 'words of the days' (verba dierum), that is Paralipomenon (i.e. Chronicles); eighth Ezra; ninth Esther.
4. Holy Scripture witnesses moreover that there are nine orders of angels, that is Angels, Archangels, Thrones, Dominations, Virtues, Principalities, Powers, Cherubim, and Seraphim (angelus, archangelus, thronus, dominatio, virtus, principatus, potestas, cherub, seraph).
Nome: 179_argument_cf argument_aen argument_rhetoric invention
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Parabola (parabola) is a comparison (comparatio) from dissimilar things, as (Lucan, Civil War 1.205): Like a lion seen hard by in the fields of heat-bearing Libya, he beset the enemy, where he compares Caesar to a lion, making a comparison, not from his own kind, but from another.
Paradigm (paradigma) is a model (exemplum) of someone's word or deed, or something that is appropriate to the thing that we describe either from its similar or from its dissimilar nature, thus: "Scipio perished at Hippo as bravely as did Cato at Utica."
Cicero puts it thus in his art of rhetoric (On Invention 1.9): "If deliberation (deliberatio) and demonstration (demonstratio) are kinds of arguments (causa), they cannot rightly be considered parts of any one kind of argument - for the same thing can be a kind of one thing and part of another, but not a kind and a part of the same thing," and so forth, up to the point where the constituents of this syllogism are concluded.
Nome: 180_diaeresis_syncope_combining_catachresis
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Aphaeresis is an excision from the beginning of the word, as temno for contemno ("despise").
Schesis onomaton is a group of linked nouns, joined in a kind of parade, as (cf.
Antimetabole is an inversion of words that makes a contrary sense when their order is changed: "I don't live to eat, but I eat to live."
Nome: 181_kinds gems_make gems_hyacinthstone_people make
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Jet (gagates) is a stone first discovered in Sicily, cast out from the waters of the river Gagatis, whence it is named, although it is more plentiful in Britain.
It is used to make beautiful necklaces that are popular with rural women.
Some kinds of gems are named because they look like metals or like stones.
Nome: 182_half like_centaurs_centaur_mounted
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Centaur (i.e. a ship's name); now the two are carried as one with brows (i.e. bows) united, and they plow the salt seas with long keels.
Thus armed young men selected for their agility would ride seated behind mounted soldiers, and as soon as they encountered the enemy they would leap from the horses and now as foot soldiers would persistently harass the enemy while the mounted men who brought them would attack on the other side.
Some say that they were horsemen of Thessaly, but because, as they rushed into battle, the horses and men seemed to have one body, they maintained the fiction of the Centaurs.
Nome: 183_depositus_abstula adfixus_adfixus_adfixus vats
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casus): through the cases inflected nouns are varied and have their endings.
depositus) to make an interval witha pause.
stratus), as if the word were 'matted' (storiatus; cf. storia below).
Nome: 184_orders_individual names_called individual_abides names
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It is even our lot to depend on the discipline of numbers to some extent when through it we name the hours, when we dispute about the course of the months, and when we recognize the duration of the turning year.
These hours of prayers are apportioned so that, if we should by chance be occupied, the specific time would draw our attention to the divine office.
But these orders of angels are called by their individual names because they have more fully received that particular function in their own order.
Nome: 185_species definition_mat_definition called_definition
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The eleventh species of definition is called mat' s22?tpsç ó2om2?poU óµo(c)oU ysvoUç in Greek, in Latin 'by the shortage of the full amount of the same kind' (per indigentiam pleni ex eodem genere) - as if it were asked what a triens is, and it were answered, "That which is short of an as by two-thirds."
The twelfth species of definition in Greek is mat? spa(c)vov, that is, 'by praise' (per laudem), as Cicero in his Defense of Cluentius (146): "Law is the mind and spirit and counsel and judgment of the citizen body."
The thirteenth species of definition is called mat? tò ppóç tt in Greek, and 'by relationship' (ad aliquid) in Latin, as is this: "A father is a man who has a son," "A master is a man who has a slave."
Nome: 186_middling_grandly_brevity_humble
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One ought to speak of humble things softly, of dramatic matters emphatically, of varied matters moderately.
Indeed, these are the familiar three registers (genus) of speaking: humble, middling, grandiloquent (humilis, medius, grandiloquus).
Now when we say great things, they should be uttered grandly; when we speak of small things, delicately; when things of the middling sort, temperately.
Nome: 187_migration_season return_cross sea_return migration
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They took their behavior from that same severity of climate - fiercely courageous and ever indomitable, living by raiding and hunting.
They are messengers of the spring, socially companionable, enemies of snakes; they cross the sea, and migrate into Asia in a gathered flock.
These birds have a proper season for their return migration, at which time they are taken up on the shoulders of kites because of their brief and small spans of flight, lest their strength fail, fatigued by the long expanse of sky.
Nome: 188_lawful_modesty_publicly_abandoned wife
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For, contrary to human modesty, it was their custom to copulate publicly with their wives, insisting that it is lawful and decent to lie openly with one's wife, because it is a lawful union; they preach that this should be done publicly in the streets or avenues like dogs.
Now in later times the practice has arisen of using the term for thoroughly bad and wicked kings, kings who enact upon their people their lust for luxurious domination and the cruelest lordship.
But strength is greater in a man, lesser in a woman, so that she will submit to the power of the man; evidently this is so lest, if women were to resist, lust should drive men to seek out something else or throw themselves upon the male sex.
Nome: 189_formulation_types formulation_aid nature_barefoot eat
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Now every field, as Varro teaches us, falls into one of four types.
The fourth kind is particularly suitable for preparing lamp-wicks.
Human skill came upon the other methods with the aid of nature.
Nome: 190_hymns_hymnus_gods_worshipped
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Whence poets (poeta) are so called, thus says Tranquillus (i.e. Suetonius, On Poets 2) "When people first began to possess a rational way of life, having shaken off their wildness, and to come to know themselves and their gods, they devised for themselves a humble culture and the speech required for their ideas, and devised a greater expression of both for the worship of their gods.
Those who the pagans assert are gods are revealed to have once been humans, and after their death they began to be worshipped among their people because of the life and merit of each of them, as Isis in Egypt, Jupiter in Crete, Iuba among the Moors, Faunus among the Latins, and Quirinus among the Romans.
The use of likenesses arose when, out of grief for the dead, images or effigies were set up, as if in place of those who had been received into heaven demons substituted themselves to be worshipped on earth, and persuaded deceived and lost people to make sacrifices to themselves.
Nome: 191_bactrus_rhodanus_sala_said named
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The Danube (Danubius) river of Germany is said to be named from the abundance of snow (nix, gen. nivis) by which it is much swelled.
Carthago (i.e. a Carthaginian colony in Spain, presentday Cartagena) has given its name to the Tagus (i.e. the Tajo), a river of Spain that issues from that city.
Lix was named from the Mauretanian river Lixus, where the royal seat of Antaeus was; likewise Sala, because it borders the river Sala.
Nome: 192_gore_immolation_victims_altar
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An immolation (immolatio) is so called by the ancients because a victim would be slain when it was placed 'on the mass' (in mole) of the altar.
And for this reason, whenever necromancy is practiced, gore is mixed with water, so that they are called more easily by the gore of the blood.
Some have said that an altar (ara) is so called because there the kindled sacrifices burn (ardere).
Nome: 193_indigenous_alienigena_resident_incola
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There is this difference between a tenant and a 'resident alien' (advena): tenants are people who emigrate, and do not remain permanently, whereas we speak of resident aliens or immigrants (incola) as coming from abroad but settling permanently - hence the term incola, for those who are now inhabitants, from the word 'reside' (incolere).
Indigenous people (indigena) are those 'therefrom begotten' (inde genitus), born in the same place in which they live.
Farmer (agricola), from 'tilling a field' (colere + ager); likewise silvicola ("inhabitant of the woods"; cf. silva, "woods").
Nome: 194_opposed_contraries_things opposed_related way
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The first type of contrary is called diverse (diversus) according to Cicero (Topics 35), because these are set against one another as such complete opposites that they have no part in the things to which they are opposed, as 'wisdom' to 'stupidity.'
The oppositions mentioned above called contraries are so opposed to one another that they are not part of the things to which they are opposed nor related to them in any way.
This fourth type of contrary has aroused much controversy among logicians, and by them is called 'intensely opposite' (valde oppositum), since indeed it takes no mediating term (tertium).
Nome: 195_eyelids_pupil_eyelids cilium_cheekbones
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Eyes (oculus) are so called, either because the membranes of the eyelids cover (occulere) them so as to protect them from the harm of any chance injury, or because they possess a 'hidden light' (occultum lumen), that is, one that is hidden or situated within.
The pupil (pupilla) is the middle point of the eye in which the power of vision resides; because small images appear to us there, they are called pupils, since small children are called pupils (pupillus,a term for a minor under the care of a guardian).
At the tips of the eyelids, where they touch each other when closed, the hairs growing in an orderly row stand out and serve to protect the eyes, so that they may not easily sustain injury from objects falling into the eye and be hurt, and so as to prevent contact with dust or with some coarser material; by blinking they also soften the impact of the air itself, and thus they cause vision to be precise and clear.
Nome: 196_reptile_crawl_reptiles_snakes
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The viper (vipera) is so named because it is 'born through force' (vi parere), for when their mother's womb is groaning to deliver, the offspring, not waiting for nature's suitable time, gnaw at and forcibly tear open their mother's sides, causing her death.
The tracks left by snakes are such that, although they are seen to lack feet, they nevertheless crawl on their ribs with forward thrusts of their scales, which are spread evenly from the highest part of the neck to the lowest part of the belly.
Hence if a snake is crushed by some blow to any part of the body, from the belly to the head, it is unable to make its way, having been crippled, because wherever the blow strikes it breaks the spine, which activates the 'feet' of the ribs and the motion of the body.
Nome: 197_threshing_auctor_baratrum_floor called
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5. Abyss (baratrum, i.e. barathrum, i.e. ß?pa9pov, "pit") is the word for an excessive depth: and it is called baratrum, as if the term were vorago atra ("black abyss"), that is, black from its depth.
4. Pyramids (pyramis) are a type of sepulcher that are square and raised to a point beyond any height that can be constructed by hand, whence also, having surpassed the measure of shadows, they are said to have no shadow.
A 'threshing floor' (area) is named for the levelness of its floor, and it is called area because of its flatness and evenness - hence also altar (ara).
Nome: 198_little boat_boat_blanket_blanket sagum
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Change (follis, lit. "leather bellows, money bag") is named from the small sack in which it is kept, that which is contained being named by its container.
The lembus is a short little boat that is otherwise known as the cumba or the caupulus, and also the lintris, that is, carabus, which is used on the Po River and in marshes.
A packsaddle (sagma), which is incorrectly called salma by common people, is so named from its covering of coarse blanket (sagum), whence a packhorse is called sagmarius, and a mule, sagmaria.
Nome: 199_pusillanimous_pusillanimis_pusillanimous pusillanimis_trap
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The impossible lie, as Clodius laid a trap for Milo and was killed by Milo.
The opposite of this is pusillanimous (pusillanimis), petty and not steadfast in any trial.
Pusillanimous (pusillanimis), one with 'very little courage' (pusillus animus).
Nome: 200_verbs_verbs called_undergo action_verba
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Inthe case of rhetoricians verba ("words") is used of their speech as a whole, as in verbis bonis nos cepit ("he captivated us with good words"), verba bona habuit ("he had good words"), where what is meant is not only the verba that fall into three tenses (i.e. the verbs), but the entire speech.
passus), as 'I am whipped' (verberor); neutral (neutralis) verbs, because they neither act nor undergo action, as 'Iam lying down' (iaceo), 'Iam sitting' (sedeo)- for if you add the letter r to these, they do not sound Latin.
Deponent (deponens) verbs are so called because they 'set aside' (deponere) the passive meaning of their future participles; this form ends in -dus, as gloriandus ("worthy of boasting").
Nome: 201_gift_gifts_prayed_ministers
Quantidade de documentos: 17
Hence, although they may be dispensed through the Church of God by good or by bad ministers, nevertheless because the Holy Spirit mystically vivifies them - that Spirit that formerly in apostolic times would appear in visible works - these gifts are neither enlarged by the merits of good ministers nor diminished by the bad, for (I Corinthians 3:7), "neither he that planteth is any thing, nor he that watereth; but God that giveth the increase."
The Holy Spirit is named the Sevenfold (septiformis) because of the gifts that all have a claim to attain from the fullness of its unity, one by one, according as they deserve.
In itself, it is God; with regard to us, it is a gift - but the Holy Spirit is forever a Gift, handing out the gifts of grace to individuals as it wishes.
Nome: 202_lotus_wash_lectus_bodies home
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- Adsigna, Marce, tabellas.
who wash their bodies and home and domestic utensils daily,]
of lavare, "wash"), the same as lautus, that is, clean.
Nome: 203_psaltery_psalms_diapsalm_psalterium
Quantidade de documentos: 17
Thusa 'canticle of a psalm' occurs when what a musical instrument plays, the voice of the singer afterwards sounds, but a 'psalm of a canticle' when the art of the instrument being played imitates what the human voice sounds first. 'Psalm' is named from the instrument called a psaltery, whence the custom is for it not to be accompanied by any other kind of playing.
But others consider it a Greek word, meaning "an interval in psalm-chanting"; as a psalm is what is psalm-chanted, so a diapsalm is the silence interposed in psalm-chanting - just as a synpsalma is a joining of voice in singing, so a diapsalm is a disjunction of vocal sounds, where a kind of rest set off from the continuation of sound is marked.
lectus) and psalmists (psalmista) from singing psalms, for the former pronounce to the people what they should follow, and the latter sing to kindle the spirits of their audience to compunction - although some readers also declaim in so heart-rending a way that they drive some people to sorrow and lamentation.
Nome: 204_armenia east_caucasus_caspian_caspian sea
Quantidade de documentos: 17
Persia reaches in the east to the Indus, in the west it has the Red Sea, in the north it touches Media, in the south-southwest Carmania, which is connected to Persia and in which the most renowned city of Susa is located.
It is located between the Taurus and the Caucasus ranges, reaching from Cappadocia to the Caspian Sea, having in the north the Ceraunian mountains, in whose hills the river Tigris originates, and in whose mountains the Ark is said to have settled after the Flood.
It is located where Syria begins and touches Armenia in the east, Asia Minor in the west, and the Cimmerian Sea and the Themiscyrian plains, which belong to the Amazons, in the north; in the south it reaches the Taurus mountains, under which Ciliciaand Isauria stretch out to the Gulf of Cilicia, which faces the isle of Cyprus.
Nome: 205_ieiunium_rumen_intestine_jejunum ieiunum
Quantidade de documentos: 17
Fasting (ieiunium) is parsimony of sustenance and abstinence from food, and its name is given to it from a certain portion of the intestines, always thin and empty, which is commonly called the jejunum (ieiunum).
Miserable (aerumnosus) is so called from gullet (rumen), because one who has become a wretch from poverty hungers and thirsts.
Rumination (ruminatio) is named from the rumen (ruma), the upper part of the gullet through which the food that has been taken down is regurgitated by some animals.
Nome: 206_kin_paternal kin_germanus_sister soror
Quantidade de documentos: 17
The judgment of incest (incestum) is made with regard to consecrated virgins or those who are closely related by blood, for those who have intercourse with such people are considered incestus, that is, 'unchaste' (incastus).
Maternal kin are considered as after the paternal kin because they issue from people of the female sex, and are not paternal kin, but are related otherwise by natural law.
However, 'maternal brothers' (germanus) are those issuing from the same mother (genetrix) and not, as many say, from the same seed (germen); only the latter are called fratres.
Nome: 207_lychnis_acanthis_aurora comes_acanthis clangor
Quantidade de documentos: 17
5. Carchedonia is said to behave as lychnis does, although it is much more base than lychnis.
The kernel (nucleus) is also named from nux, because it is covered with a hard shell.
Fiscus is the primary term, with the derivative fiscina and the diminutive fiscella.
Nome: 208_length breadth_solid_fig_cubus
Quantidade de documentos: 17
A continuous (continens) number is one that is composed of conjoined units, [as], for example, when the number 3 is understood in terms of its magnitude, that is, in its linear dimension, or is said to be containing (continens) either a space or a solid; likewise for the numbers 4 or
A planar (superficalis) number is one that is composed not only of length, but also of breadth, such as the triangular, quadrangular, pentagonal, or circular numbers, and so on, which always exist in a flat (planus) region, that is, a surface (superficies).
Geometry is divided into four parts: planes (planus), numeric size (magnitudo numerabilis), rational size (magnitudo rationalis), and solid figures (figura solida).
Nome: 209_circumflex_acute_grave_long nature
Quantidade de documentos: 17
The acute (acutus) accent is so called because it sharpens (acuere) and raises the syllable; the grave (gravis, lit. "heavy") accent, because it depresses and lowers, for it is the opposite of the acute.
A disyllabic word, if its first syllable is long by nature and the second short, has a circumflex, as Mu¯ sa; otherwise it has an acute.
If it has a second syllable long by nature, and a short final syllable, as Mete¯llus, then we make the middle syllable circumflex.
Nome: 210_prostitute_prostitutes_called shewolves_lupa
Quantidade de documentos: 16
The Epicureans (Epicureus) are so called from a certain philosopher Epicurus, a lover of vanity, not of wisdom, whom the philosophers themselves named 'the pig,' wallowing in carnal filth, as it were, and asserting that bodily pleasure is the highest good.
And amicus is appropriately derived; the term for someone tormented by carnal desire is amator turpitudinis ("lover of wickedness"), but amicus is from 'hook' (hamus), that is, from the chain of charity, whence also hooks are things that hold.
Sinner (peccator), so called from concubine (pelex, i.e. paelex), that is, prostitute, as if the term were 'seducer' (pelicator).
Nome: 211_neuter_feminine_gender_feminine gender
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For good reason it is better for us to use the word canalis with feminine gender rather than masculine.
A pot (catinum) is a ceramic vessel, and it is used more appropriately in the neuter rather than the masculine gender, just as we call the vessel for salt a salt-cellar (salinum, neuter gender).
The belt (cingulum) of a human is neuter in gender, but we speak of the girths (cingula) of animals in the feminine.
Nome: 212_conjugal_betrothed_marriage_partners
Quantidade de documentos: 16
The 'materfamilias' is so called because she has crossed over into the 'household of her husband' (maritus + familia) through a certain procedure of law, and the matrimonial registers are the records of her purchase.
sponsus), for before the use of matrimonial registers the betrothed sent each other written warranties in which they would pledge to each other that they consented to the laws of marriage, and they would provide guarantors.
However, conjugal partners are more truly so called from the initial pledge of their betrothal, even though conjugal relations are still unknown to them, as Mary is called the 'conjugal partner' of Joseph, but between them there neither was nor would be any commingling of the flesh.
Nome: 213_lepra_roughness_impetigo_roughness skin
Quantidade de documentos: 16
Scabies and lepra (i.e. leprosy or psoriasis): either affliction presents a roughness of the skin with itching and scaliness, but scabies is a mild roughness and scaliness.
In the human body lepra is recognized in this way: either when its various colors appear in different places among the healthy parts of the skin, or when it spreads all over, so that it makes the whole skin one color, although it is abnormal.
The nettle (urtica) is so called because contact with it scorches (adurere) one's body, for it is of an entirely fiery nature and it inflames (perurere) at the touch, whence it also causes an itch (prurigo).
Nome: 214_sake entertainment_plots_bucolic_entertainment
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For instance, a poem is called heroic (heroicus) because the acts and deeds of strong men are recounted in it, for celestial (aerius) men, as it were, worthy of the skies because of their wisdom and strength, are called heroes (heros).
Terentianus (On Meter 1799) used to call those meters 'elegiacs' because such a rhythmic closure, as they say, is more suited to sorrowful modes.
A panegyric (panegyricum) is an extravagant and immoderate form of discourse in praise of kings; in its composition people fawn on them with many lies.
Nome: 215_bitterness_cerasum_city cerasum_bitterness amaritudo
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The cherry (cerasus) is named from the city Cerasum in Pontus (i.e. the Black Sea), for when Lucullus destroyed the Pontic city Cerasum he imported this kind of fruit from there and named it cerasium from the city's name.
Celtic spikenard takes its name from a territory in Gaul, yet it grows more abundantly in the Ligurian Alps as well as in Syria; it is a small bush whose roots are gathered into handfuls with cords.
The 'saffron crocus' (crocum) is named from the Cilician town called Corycium, although it also is found in other places, but not as much or of such quality as in Cilicia - whence it takes its name from the more important region.
Nome: 216_river cydnus_river achaea_erymanthus_padus
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The Inachus (i.e. the Banitza) is a river in Achaea that waters the Argolic plains.
The name of one of these sources is Padus, which, having spread out like a lake, sends the river from its lap.
Lydia is an old seat of kingdoms, which the waters of the Pactolus have raised to riches with their golden floods.
Nome: 217_cyclades_manufactured island_cyclades located_melos
Quantidade de documentos: 16
Tenedos, one of the Cyclades, is located in the north, where a city was founded formerly by a certain Tenes.
Among these, Thasian is distinguished by its spots of various colors; it was first used on the Cyclades islands.
Melinum is so named because one of the Cycladean islands, Melos by name, abounds in this mineral.
Nome: 218_mina_greek gamma_semiounce_greek lambda
Quantidade de documentos: 16
Go, a Greek gamma followed by a Latin O superscript, stands for an ounce.
A Greek mu witha Latin N directly above it stands for a mina.
T2 A Latin T followed by a Greek lambda means a talent.
Nome: 219_subject subiecto_subiecto_polyptoton_idolum
Quantidade de documentos: 16
Homoeoteleuton (homoeon teleuton) occurs when several verbs terminate in the same way, as (Cicero, Against Catiline 2.1): abiit, abcessit, evasit, erupit ("he left, he walked off, he escaped, he burst forth").
Polyptoton (polyptoton) occurs when a sentence is varied with different grammatical cases, as (Persius, Satires 3.84): Ex nihilo nihilum, ad nihilum nil posse reverti (Nothing from nothing, nothing can be returned to nothing) and (Persius, Satires 5.79): Marci Dama.
An idol (idolum) is a likeness made in the form of a human and consecrated, according to the meaning of the word, for the Greek term ?²6oç means "form" (forma), and the diminutive idolum derived from it gives us the equivalent diminutive formula ("replica," i.e. an image made in a mold).
Nome: 220_common communis_communis_antae_antiquarians
Quantidade de documentos: 16
A common (communis) noun is so called because one noun has a share in both genders, as hic canis ("this male dog") and haec canis ("this female dog").
It is called common (communis) because often two occur so 'connected together' (coniunctus) that they immediately follow one another in the (table for calculating the) Easter celebration - for an embolismic (i.e. intercalated) year always occurs alone.
They are also called allies (socius) because of their alliance (societas) in danger and in work, as if they wore a single kind of shoe (cf. soccus, "shoe") and kept to the same track.
Nome: 221_girded_ablutions_218 girded_agabine girding
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218. 'Girded up' (procinctus), "armed and ready"; whence the term in procinctu ("in arms"), that is, when men take up arms for war.
Blite (blitum) is a kind of vegetable with a bland taste, as if it were a 'poor beet' (vilis beta).
. AGabine girding arrangement occurs when the toga is put on so that the edge which is flung back over the shoulder is drawn up to the chest in such a way that the decorations hang on either side from the shoulder, as the pagan priests used to wear them, or as the praetors used to be girded.
Nome: 222_mulberry_morus_blackberry_pov
Quantidade de documentos: 16
Diamoron got its name from the juice of the mulberry (morum), from which it is made; likewise diacodion, because it is made from the poppy-head (codia; cf. mÛ6?ta, "poppyhead"), that is, from the poppy; and similarly diaspermaton, because it is made from seeds (cf. opspµa, "seed").
The mulberry tree (morus, also meaning "blackberry") is so named by the Greeks (i.e. µópov, "mulberry, blackberry"), and Latin speakers call it the rubus (lit. "blackberry bush") because its fruit or foliage is red (rubere).
Cinnabar (cinnabaris) is named from draco (gen. draconis, "dragon") and barrus, that is, 'elephant,' for they say that it is the blood of dragons, shed when they entwine themselves around elephants.
Nome: 223_te_orpheus_metaphor_repetition word
Quantidade de documentos: 16
Amphibolia is ambiguous speech that occurs with the accusative case, as in this answer of Apollo to Pyrrhus (Ennius, Annals 179): Aio te , Aeacida, Romanos vincere posse (I say that you, scion of Aeacus, can conquer the Romans - or - I say that the Romans can conquer you, scion of Aeacus).
. Anadiplosis (anadiplosis) occurs when a following verse begins with the same word that ended the previous verse, as in this (Vergil, Ecl. 8.55): Certent et cygnis ululae, sit Tityrus Orpheus, Orpheus in silvis, inter delphinas Arion (And let the screech-owls compete with the swans, let Tityrus be Orpheus, an Orpheus in the woods, an Arion among the dolphins).
Epanaphora is the repetition of a word at the beginning of each phrase in a single verse, as (Vergil, Aen. 7.759): Te nemus Anguitiae, vitrea te Focinus unda, te liquidi flevere lacus (For you the forest of Anguitia wept, for you Lake Fucinus with its glassy wave, for you the clear lakes).
Nome: 224_sense sensus_mind head_soul_corpus
Quantidade de documentos: 16
Then there isa third kind of vision, which is neither by bodily senses nor by that part of the soul where images of corporeal things are grasped, but by insight (intuitus) of the mind where intellectual truth is contemplated, as the gifted Daniel saw with his mind what Belshazzar had seen with his body.
Because this reason is born from the mind alone, and because they think the mind is in the head and brain, therefore they say she was born from the head of Jove, because the sense of a wise person, who discovers all things, is in his head.
Therefore it is soul when it enlivens the body, will when it wills, mind when it knows, memory (memoria) when it recollects, reason (ratio) when it judges correctly, spirit when it breathes forth, sense (sensus) when it senses something.
Nome: 225_parts speech_schema_accidence_occurs parts
Quantidade de documentos: 15
It occurs in accidence, that is, in those things that are connected to the parts of speech, as, for example through qualities, genders and numbers, forms, and cases.
It also occurs with homonyms, in which one word has many meanings, such as acies ("edge, keenness, front line"), when you do not add 'of the sword, of the eyes, of the army.'
Also, metonymy expresses that which is caused by its cause, as 'sluggish cold,' because it makes people sluggish, and 'pale fear,' since it makes people pale.
Nome: 226_confuse terms_confuse_apply mind_camps confuses
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Different observance produces from time to time an error of opinions about the Easter feast day.
Dissension of this kind between the two camps confuses the Easter liturgy.
Many symbols for weights are unknown and they cause errors for readers.
Nome: 227_fari_speaking fari_term illness_fari 3rd
Quantidade de documentos: 15
2. All the sufferings of the body are covered by the general term 'illness,' because the ancients used the term illness (morbus) in order to point with this word to the power of death (mors), which is born from illness.
There is also infamy (infamium), as if it were 'without good report' (fama), and 'report' is so called because by speaking (fari), that is, talking, it roves about, creeping through the grapevine of tongues and ears.
Death (mors) is so called, because it is bitter (amarus), or by derivation from Mars, who is the author of death; [or else, death is derived from the bite (morsus) of the first human, because when he bit the fruit of the forbidden tree, he incurred death].
Nome: 228_soil humus_humidus_harsh places_uliginosus
Quantidade de documentos: 15
The alder (alnus) is so called because it is 'nourished by a river' (alatur amne), for it grows very close to water, and survives away from water with difficulty.
The elm (ulmus) takes this name because it does better in swampy (uliginosus) and damp (humidus) places, for it is less luxuriant in mountainous and harsh places.
The willow (salix) is so called because it swiftly 'springs up' (salire), that is, quickly grows: a pliant tree, suitable for binding grapevines.
Nome: 229_accidents_essential_substantia_subject
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. First we posit the genus, then we subjoin the species and other things that can be allied, and we separate them by particulars they hold in common, continually introducing the differentiae until we arrive at the individual character (proprium) of the thing whose identifying properties we have been investigating by means of a definition that marks it out.
There are ten species of categories: substance, quantity, quality, relation, situation, place, time, habit, activity, and passivity (substantia, quantitas, qualitas, relatio, situs, locus, tempus, habitus, agere, pati).
Further, 'being' (usia) is 'substance' (substantia) that is, the 'essential property' (proprium) that underlies (subiacere) the other categories; the remaining nine are accidents. 'Substance' is so called because every thing subsists (subsistere) with reference to itself.
Nome: 230_balsamum_balsam tree_bark considered_balsamum existed
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Thanks to their support the shoots can scorn winds and turbulence, hold up their fruit without any danger of falling, and defend themselves along their rambling length.
This tree is laden with fruit in almost every season; some of it is ripe, some unripe, some still only in flower - which is a rare thing in other trees.
There is also a woodland mulberry (mora), bearing fruit that relieves the hunger and need of shepherds in the wilderness.
Nome: 231_codicil_kind writing_experience_sacred writings
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Indeed, letters are tokens of things, the signs of words, and they have so much force that the utterances of those who are absent speak to us without a voice, [for they present words through the eyes, not through the ears].
Second, the Empirical school was founded by Aesculapius; it is the most grounded in experience and depends not on the symptomatic signs but on experimental results alone.
So the Empiricists advocate experience alone; the Logicians add reasoning to experience; the Methodicians take no account of reasoning from principles, nor of circumstances, ages, and causes, but only of the actual diseases.
Nome: 232_freedman_enrolled fathers_libertinus_free
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Of course, slaves never served in the military unless they were freed - except at the time of Hannibal, when the Romans were in such straits after the battle of Cannae that there was no possibility of freeing slaves.
11. 'Enrolled fathers' (patres conscripti) were so called because when Romulus chose the ten curial districts of the senators he set down their names on golden tablets in the presence of the populace, and hence they were called enrolled fathers.
Again, children are called liberi when they have sprung from a free (liber) marriage, for the children of a free man and a slave serving-girl have slave status, as children who are so born always assume the status of the lower parent.
Nome: 233_true person_truthful_orthodoxus_verum
Quantidade de documentos: 15
True (verus), from truth (veritas); hence also verax ("truthful"). 'Truth' is prior to 'true,' because truth does not derive from a true person, but a true person from truth.
Truthful (veridicus), because he 'says a true thing' (verum dicere) and is a champion of the truth. '
Having a sense of honor' (verecundus), because he respects a true (verum) deed.
Nome: 234_wary_cautus_attentive_hears
Quantidade de documentos: 15
One ought to begin so as to render the listener benevolent, docile, or attentive: benevolent by entreaty, docile by instruction, attentive by stimulation.
Clever (astutus) is so called from the word 'cleverness' (astus), which is the term for a shrewd and wary person who can do something forcefully without danger.
A 'cauterizing iron' (cauterium), as if the word were cauturium, because it burns (urere), and a forewarning and severe cautioning (cautio) is branded on the animal so that greed may be restrained when the owner is identified.
Nome: 235_158 apostles_apostles corinthians_159 apostles_38 saints
Quantidade de documentos: 15
These are the four prophets who are called Major Prophets, because they produced long scrolls.
Egypt worshipped him like a god, because he would give certain clear signs of things to come.
Children by instruction (doctrina), as when the apostle Paul called those to whom he preached the Gospel "his own children."
Nome: 236_relationships_involves_accidere change_affinitatibus
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Allthese types of appellative nouns come from the 'naming quality' (appellatio) of nouns.
Exposition of figures illustrated below (Expositio figurarum infra scriptarum)
The names of certain plants echo their own originating principles and contain the explanation of their naming.
Nome: 237_pater_father pater_fathers pater_deceased father
Quantidade de documentos: 15
Patronymics (patronymicus) are so called because they are derived from fathers (pater), as 'Tydides,' son of Tydeus, 'Aeneius,' son of Aeneas, although they may also be derived from mothers and from more remote ancestors.
Indeed, senators are called fathers (pater), as Sallust says (War with Catiline 6), from their similar responsibilities, for just as fathers tend to their children, so the senators would tend to the republic.
Patrons (patronus) are so called from father (pater), because they have a fatherly affection for their clients, so that they govern them like fathers.
Nome: 238_contrary known_shalt_thou shalt_adultery
Quantidade de documentos: 15
We ought to use this kind of definition when the contrary is known, as "If the good is what profits with decency, that which is not such a thing is bad."
What ought not to be done, as "thou shalt not commit adultery," "thou shalt not steal."
But that which is given for the sake of fornication and adultery is bad, and therefore not an arrabo.
Nome: 239_acts_evangelist_cast devils_spirit referred
Quantidade de documentos: 15
Now it is very well known that our Lord Jesus Christ, when he had ascended into heaven after his resurrection from the dead, gave the Holy Spirit, and filled with this Spirit the believers spoke in the tongues of all nations.
The Holy Spirit is very clearly declared in the books of the Gospel to be the Finger (Digitus) of God, for when one Evangelist said (Luke 11:20), "I by the finger of God cast out devils," another said the same thing in this way (Matthew 12:28), "I by the Spirit of God cast out devils."
As the apostle John witnesses, the Holy Spirit is called Unction (unctio) because, just as oil floats above every liquid because of its physical weight, so in the beginning the Holy Spirit floated above the waters (Genesis 1:2).
Nome: 240_vulcan_vulcanus_cf a9tv_a9tv burn
Quantidade de documentos: 14
A holocaust (holocaustum) is a sacrifice in which all that is offered is consumed by fire, for when the ancients would perform their greatest sacrifices, they would consume the whole sacrificial victim in the flame of the rites, and those were holocausts, for o2oç in Greek means "whole," mauotç means "burning," and holocaust, "wholly burnt."
They would have it that Vulcan is fire, and he is named Vulcan (Vulcanus), as 'flying radiance' (volans candor), or as if the word were volicanus, because he flies throughthe airfor fire is born from clouds.
Gehennaisaplace of fire and sulphur that is believed to have been named from a valley, consecrated to idols, that is next to the city wall of Jerusalem, and which was once filled with the corpses of the dead - for there the Hebrews used to sacrifice their children to demons - and the place itself is called Gehennon.
Nome: 241_modicus_moderate_measure modus_moderate moderatus
Quantidade de documentos: 14
Mild (mitis), "gentle and docile," yielding to wickedness and silently enduring injustice, as if the term were mutus ("mute").
Modicus, "little," but incorrectly; otherwise, "reasonable," "moderate" (moderatus), from measure (modus) and temperance.
The term 'proper measure' (modus) may be applied to modest things, for we incorrectly use modicus for small things, not speaking properly.
Nome: 242_blame praise_denounce_denounce slander_slander
Quantidade de documentos: 14
With an equal and inverted type of argument, this pattern is preserved in blaming a person: before, during, or after the present circumstances of the person.
We should know that the aforementioned species of definitions are rightly linked with the subject of topics, because they are set among certain of its arguments, and are mentioned in several places among the topics.
But whether we ought to call it absida or absis is doubtful, because certain experts consider the declension of this word ambiguous.
Nome: 243_threnody_pavor_strikes heart_dread
Quantidade de documentos: 14
Jeremiah first composed the threnody (threnos), which is called 'lament' (lamentum) in Latin, in a poem on the city of Jerusalem [
And harm is at its full extent when it is both past and also impending, so that it includes both grief and dread.
Goads (stimulus) are so called from the word 'fear' (timor), although there is also the goad of desire.
Nome: 244_isis_egyptians_isis daughter_came greece
Quantidade de documentos: 14
Queen Isis, daughter of Inachus, devised the Egyptian letters when she came from Greece into Egypt, and passed them on to the Egyptians.
Now Isis, daughter of king Inachis, was a queen of the Egyptians; when she came from Greece she taught the Egyptians literacy and established cultivation of the land, on account of which they called the land by her name.
Tanis is the metropolis in Egypt where Pharaoh lived and Moses performed all the miracles that are written about in the book of Exodus.
Nome: 245_barbarism_corruption single_corrupted letter_lambdacism
Quantidade de documentos: 14
A barbarism (barbarismus) is a word pronounced with a corrupted letter or sound: a corrupted letter, as in floriet (i.e. the incorrect future form of florere, "bloom"), when one ought to say florebit ("will bloom"); a corrupted sound, if the first syllable is lengthened and the middle syllable omitted in words like latebrae ("hiding places"), tenebrae ("shadows").
A motacism (motacismus) occurs whenever a vowel follows the letter M, as bonum aurum ("good gold), iustum amicum ("just friend"), and we avoid this fault either by suspending the letter M, or by leaving it out.
Thus a solecism is a group of words that are not joined by the correct rule, as if someone were to say inter nobis ("between us," with nobis in the wrong case) instead of inter nos, or date veniam sceleratorum ("grant forgiveness of sinners") instead of sceleratis ("to sinners").
Nome: 246_columna_columns columna_caput gen_neck collum
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The neck (collum) is so called, because it is rigid and rounded like a column (columna), carrying the head and sustaining it as if it were a citadel.
Capitals (capitolium, i.e. capitulum) are so called because they are the heads (caput, gen. capitis) of columns (columna), just as there is a head on a neck (collum).
Capitals (capitolium, i.e. capitulum or capitella) are named thus because they are the heads (caput, gen. capitis) of columns (columna), just like a head on a neck (collum).
Nome: 247_decoction_tp6v_zema_vermiculus
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The Greeks call wood vermin teredo (i.e. t?p?6Ûv) because they 'eat by grinding' (terendo edere).
So wood vermin are called by Latin speakers; trees that are felled at the wrong time generate these vermin.
What we call red or vermilion (vermiculus), the Greeks call mómmoç; it is a small grub (vermiculus) from the foliage of the forest.
Nome: 248_fieri_fit_person fit_fieri 3rd
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It is common knowledge that because of the difficulty of legal terminology, and the necessity of employing formalities, the wishes of the dead have been given support through the service of the codicil, so that whoever writes such a statement uses the heading of 'codicil' for what he writes.
Cretio is so called as if it were 'decision' (decretio), that is, deciding, or establishing - for example, "Let such and such a person be my heir," and it is added "and let him 'accept the inheritance' (cernere, ppl.
A 'fit seeker' (competens) is so called because after instruction in the faith he 'fitly seeks' (competere) the grace of Christ; hence from 'seeking' (petere) they are called 'fit seekers.'
Nome: 249_tpoptm_circle called_ptv_circle
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The third circle is called ¡µ?ptvóç, and is called 'equinoctial' (aequinoctialis) by Latin speakers, because the sun, when it goes across to this zone, makes the day and night equal length (aequinoctium) - for the term ¡µ?ptvóç means 'day and night' in Latin.
It is called 'winter' (hiemalis) or brumalis (i.e. another word for "winter") by Latin speakers, because when the sun travels to this circle, it makes winter for those who are in the north, and summer for those who live in the southern regions.
4. Ultima Thule (Thyle ultima) is an island of the Ocean in the northwestern region, beyond Britannia, taking its name from the sun, because there the sun makes its summer solstice, and there is no daylight beyond (ultra) this.
Nome: 250_prophecy_township_grace lord_zimri
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Gideon, "proof of their iniquity," for he was informed, with repeated instances, by what kind of forewarning he might achieve a future victory over his enemies; from this proof of what would happen he got the etymology of his name.
Nebuchadnezzar, "prophecy of the narrow flask," or "one who prophesies" a symbol of this kind, namely with regard to the dream of future things that he is reported to have seen, which Daniel interpreted; or, "a lingering in the recognition of difficulties," with regard to those who were led by him into captivity.
Judas Iscariot got his name either from the township in which he was born or from the tribe of Issachar, with a certain omen of the future as to his own condemnation, for 'Issachar' means "payment," to signify the traitor's price for which he sold the Lord, as it is written (cf.
Nome: 251_grandsons_shem_heber eber_heber
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These are the nations from the stock of Ham, which extend across the whole southern region from Sidon to the Gaditanian Strait (i.e. the Straits of Cadiz).
These are the nations from the stock of Japheth, which occupy the middle region of Asia Minor from Mount Taurus to the north and all of Europe up to the Britannic Ocean, bequeathing their names to both places and peoples.
Indeed, the names for many nations have partially remained, so that their derivation is apparent today, like the Assyrians from Assur and the Hebrews from Heber (i.e. Eber).
Nome: 252_snow_whiteness snow_called mpauv_mpauv
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The Scythian peoples in regions of Asia Minor, who believe that they are descendants of Jason, are born with white (albus) hair because of the incessant snow, and the color of their hair gave the nation its name - hence they are called Albanians.
Thus, toward the east, where it rises to greater height, it is called Caucasus, due to the whiteness of its snow, for in an eastern language, caucasus means "white," that is, shining white with a very thick snow cover.
The Jews circumcise the foreskin, the Arabs pierce their ears, the Getae with their uncovered heads are blond, the Albanians shine with their white hair.
Nome: 253_city wall_wall murus_wall_murus
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Ramparts (moenia) are the walls of a city, so called because they protect (munire) the city, as if they were the bulwarks (munimentum) of the city, that is, the guardians.
A 'city wall' (murus, plural muri) is so called from 'defending' (munitio), as if the term were 'to be defended' (muniri, passive infinitive of munire), because it defends and guards the inner parts of the city.
A mound properly means heaped-up (aggerare) earth that is placed nearby after the rampart is constructed, but loosely speaking we call the walls and all the fortifications the mound.
Nome: 254_passagenumber_tablenumber_evangelists_canontable
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2. Also Jerome and Gennadius, searching systematically through the whole world, hunted down ecclesiastical writers, and they enumerated their works in a one-volume catalogue.
Therefore, if you have one of the Gospels open and want to know which of the evangelists say similar things, start with the passage-number lying alongside the text, and then look for that same passage-number in the canon table indicated by the table-number.
So, precisely because they are indicated by their own numbers, you will find in the body of the text of each of the Gospels those places that you have looked for that have said the same things.
Nome: 255_ring_wear gold_cernui slippers_body left
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Many Romans refrained, in their dignity, from wearing a ring on their finger.
Women did not wear rings except for the ones given to them as maidens by their fiance´s, and they used to wear not more than two gold rings on their fingers.
Hence it is that Roman women would not use wine except on prescribed days for ritual purposes.
Nome: 256_leaf_folium_22ov_leaf folium
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Hermes is named after the Greek term spµ?v?(c)a ("interpretation") in Greek, in Latin 'interpreter'; on account of his power and knowledge of many arts he is called Trimegistus (i.e. Trismegistus), that is, thrice great (ter maximus).
Pentaphyllon is so called from the number of its petals (cf. psvt?, "five", ?á22ov "leaf, petal"), whence Latin speakers call it cinquefoil (quinquefolium, lit. "fivepetal").
105.A fern (filix) is so called from the singleness of its leaf (folium, cf. filum, "a single strand"), for from one stalk a cubit high grows one divided leaf, with an intricate structure like a feather's.
Nome: 257_siliquae_obol_smallest unit_twentyeight
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A drachma (dragma) is an eighth of an ounce and the weight of a silver denarius, equal to three scripuli, that is, eighteen siliquae.
18. 'Shekel' (sicel), which has been corrupted to siclus in Latin, is a Hebrew term, and among the Hebrews it has the weight of an ounce, but for Greek and Latin speakers it is one quarter of an ounce, and half a stater, weighing two drachmas.
The smallest unit of measure is the spoonful (coclear), which is half a drachma and weighs nine siliquae.
Nome: 258_heresy_goths_heresy acephalites_goths convert
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The Goths convert to heresy.
The heresy of the Acephalites arose.
The Goths convert to the Catholic faith.
Nome: 259_canaanites_canaan_tribes canaanites_tribes
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There were eleven sons of Canaan, from whom descended the ten tribes of Canaanites, whose land the Jews occupied when the Canaanites were expelled.
The Israelites were named after Israel, the son of Isaac, for Israel was the patriarch of the Hebrews, and from him the twelve tribes of Jews were given the name of Israel.
Previously it was called Canaan (Chanaan), after a son of Cham (i.e. Ham), or else after the ten tribes of the Canaanites, whose territory the Judeans occupied after they had expelled them.
Nome: 260_illuminates_advanced longer_arousing feeling_clarity splendor
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Wisdom (Sapientia), because he himself reveals the mysteries of knowledge and the secrets of wisdom.
Again, Paraclete, because it offers consolation to souls that have lost temporal joy.
Mary, "she who illuminates" or "star of the sea (mare)," for she gave birth to the light of the world.
Nome: 261_quaestor_disputants_stipulator_executor
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Thus, opponents and antagonists may be calmed by the speech of mediators, whence, according to Livy, legates of peace are called caduceatores (lit. "bearers of the herald's caduceus").
Likewise quaestors (quaestor), as if the word were quaesitor ("investigator"), because they preside over examinations (quaestio) at trials, for the deliberations and judicial process are in their hands.
In antiquity the witnesses (testes) were called 'those standing over' (superstes, plural superstites), because they were brought forward 'over the status' (super statum) of the lawsuit.
Nome: 262_carried vectare_doors stones_hands doors_trudere
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Crowbars (vectis) are so called because they are carried (vectare) in the hands, whence doors and stones are 'pried loose' (vellere), but they do not pertain to punishments of law.
4. Wheat (triticum) is so called either from threshing (tritura), by means of which it may be stored in a barn after being thoroughly sifted, or because its grain is milled and 'ground up' (terere, ppl.
Levers (vectis) are so called because they are carried (vectare) in the hands; with these, doors or stones are loosened.
Nome: 263_treason_sedition_impeached state_state treason
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5. Schism (schisma) is so called from the division (scissura) of opinions, for schismatics believe with the same worship, the same rite, as the rest; they delight in mere dissension (discidium) in the congregation.
Accused (reus), so called from the lawsuit (res) in which he is liable, and offence (reatum) from reus. 'Impeached for state treason' (reus maiestatis) was at first the term for one who had carried out something against the republic, or anyone who had conspired with the enemy.
Afterwards those people were called 'impeached for state treason' who were seen to have acted against the majesty (maiestas) of the head of state, or who had conferred unbeneficial laws on the state, or had abrogated beneficial ones.
Nome: 264_disciplina_discere_dicere speak_learn discere
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Now 'know' (scire) is named from 'learn' (discere), because none of us knows unless we have learned.
dicere, "speak") grandly, but humbly, when he teaches; moderately, when he praises or chastises something; grandly, when he calls to conversion minds that are turned away.
Student (discipulus) is so called from instruction (disciplina), and disciplina is so called from learn (discere).
Nome: 265_grammar_art grammar_letters alphabet_speaking correctly
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The common letters of the alphabet are the primary elements of the art of grammar, and are used by scribes and accountants.
Among the disciplines this was invented after the letters of the alphabet, so that through it those who have already learned the letters know the method of speaking correctly. 'Grammar' takes its name from letters, for the Greeks call letters ?p?µµata.
This discipline teaches how we should spell, for just as grammatical art treats of the inflection of parts of speech, so orthography treats of the skill of spelling.
Nome: 266_ship named_assignment_paro_ship
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Likewise a custom house (teloneum) is the name of the place where the revenue of ships and the wages of sailors are paid, for there sits the tax collector who will set a price on things and demand it aloud from the merchants.
The helmsman (gubernio), also known as the gubernator, as if the word were coibernator, because his prudence restrains (coibere, i.e. cohibere) the winters (ibernum, i.e. hibernum), that is, the storms of the sea.
Some people maintain that a ship (navis) is so named because it needs a vigorous (navus) guide, that is, experienced, wise, and energetic - someone who knows how to control and take charge in the face of maritime dangers and accidents.
Nome: 267_vases_coins_beryl beryllus_beryllus
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In Thessaly golden solidi (i.e. coins) were first manufactured and the first use of tamed horses was devised.
The rosebud is said to have been discovered there when the city was founded, whence both the town and the island are called Rhodes (Rhodos; cf. pó6ov, "rose").
After this, bronze coinage was invented by Saturn, for it was he who devised the stamping and marking of coins.
Nome: 268_phares_pharaoh_hebrew language_people god
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Nimrod means "tyrant," for first he seized unwonted tyrannical power among the people, and then himself advanced against God to build the tower of impiety.
The name Zerubbabel is said to have been composed in Hebrew from three whole words: zo, "that," ro, "master," babel, properly "Babylonian"; and the name is compounded Zorobabel, "that master from Babylon," for he was born in Babylon, where he flourished as prince of the Jewish people.
Belphegor is translated as "likeness of ignominy," for Moab, with the cognomen Baal, was an idol on Mount Phegor; Latin speakers call him Priapus, the god of gardens.
Nome: 269_bark_liber inner_cortex_inner bark
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1. 'Wax tablets' (cera) are the stuff of letters, the nourishers of children; indeed (Dracontius, Satisfactio 63), They give intelligence to boys, the onset of sense.
Whence what we write on is calleda book (liber) because before the use of papyrus sheets or parchment, scrolls were made - that is, joined together - from the inner bark of trees.
The leaves (folia, i.e. folium) of books are so called from their likeness to the leaves (folium) of trees, or because they are made of leather sacks (follis), that is, of the skins that are customarily stripped from slaughtered livestock.
Nome: 270_slippery place_called slippery_slips_lips
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The ancients called the cithara fidicula or fidicen, because the strings of this instrument agreed together among themselves in the same way as happens among those who have trust (fides).
A place is called a 'slippery place' (lubricum) because someone slips (labi) there; and it is called a slippery place, not because it slips, but because in this place a person slips.
The trabea is so named because it may elevate (transbeare)a person into greater glory, that is, it may make a person further blessed for the future with a greater rank of honor.
Nome: 271_samuel_joel_amos_joshua
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The book of Joshua takes its name from Jesus son of Nave, whose story it contains - in fact the Hebrews claim that its writer was this same Joshua.
Their names are Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi.
It should moreover be known that four people in the Old Testament were given their names without any concealment before they were born: Ishmael, Isaac, Solomon, and Josiah.
Nome: 272_portents_prophesies called_future events_prodigies
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2.A prognostic (prognosticon) is a treatise on the foreseeing of the progression of diseases, so called from 'foreknowing' (praenoscere), for a physician should recognize the past, know the present, and foresee the future.
But omens (monstrum) derive their name from admonition (monitus), because in giving a sign they indicate (demonstrare) something, or else because they instantly show (monstrare) what may appear; and this is its proper meaning, even though it has frequently been corrupted by the improper use of writers.
Some portents seem to have been created as indications of future events, for God sometimes wants to indicate what is to come through some defects in newborns, and also through dreams and oracles, by which he may foreshadow and indicate future calamity for certain peoples or individuals, as is indeed proved by abundant experience.
Nome: 273_nahum_intercessor_written poured_antiochus
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In this text, after the crossing of the Jordan the kingdoms of the enemy are destroyed, the land is divided for the people, and the spiritual kingdoms of the Church and the Heavenly Jerusalem are prefigured through the individual cities, hamlets, mountains, and borders.
Nahum, "the groaning one" or "the consoler," for he cries out against the "city of blood" (Nahum 3:1), and after its overthrow he consoles Zion, saying (Nahum 1:15), "Behold upon the mountains the feet of him that bringeth good tidings, and that preacheth peace."
Zechariah, "memory of the Lord," for at the end of the seventieth year after the destruction of the Temple was finished, while Zechariah was preaching, the Lord remembered his people, and by the command of Darius the people of God returned, and both the city and the Temple were rebuilt.
Nome: 274_called opav_po9at_po9at seeing_seeing
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It is said to be called Delos because, after the deluge known to have occurred during the reign of Ogygus, when the globe was cast into continuous night for many months, it was the first among all places of the earth to be lit by the rays of the sun; it was allotted its name from having been the first to become visible to the eyes; for the Greeks say 6?2oç for "plainly visible."
The Aeolian islands of Sicily (i.e. the Lipari) are named after Aeolus, son of Hippotes, whom poets feigned to have been the king of the winds: to the contrary, according to Varro, he was the ruler of these islands and, because he would predict from their clouds and smoke the future direction of winds, he seemed to na¨ive people to have controlled the winds by his own power.
Olisipona (i.e. Ulisippo, Lisbon) was founded and named by Ulysses (Ulixes); historians say that in this place the sky is separated from the earth and the seas from the lands.
Nome: 275_honey_honey mel_mel_mixed honey
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The malomellum type of apple is so named for its sweetness, because its fruit has the taste of honey (mel), or because it is preserved in honey, whence a certain poet says (Martial, Epigrams 13.24): If quinces steeped in Cecropian honey are placed before you, you would say, "I like these honey-apples (melimelum)!"
Vinegar-honey (oxymeli) is so called because it is something made from a mixture of vinegar and honey (mel), whence it has a sweet-sour taste. 'Honey of roses' (rhodomelum) is so called because the honey is mixed with essence of rose.
Mead (medus), as if it were melus, because it is made from honey (mel), just as calamitas is put for cadamitas. 'Burnt tartar' (faecula) is a decoction of plump grapes, cooked down to the thickness of honey and cooled, good for the stomach.
Nome: 276_foam blood_coition_humors_foam
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It is a disturbed state, accompanied by agitation and dementia, caused by an onslaught of bile.
It is a fluid below the skin, accompanied by swelling distention and fetid exhalation.
They say this because the substance of a salt humor comes into being through coition, whence Venus is called %??po6(c)t?, because in coition there is a foam of blood that consists of a liquid and salt secretion of the internal parts.
Nome: 277_seven stars_arcturus_star_taurus
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The first of the signs is Arctos, which, fixed on the pole, rotates with its seven stars revolving around it.
Arcturus is a star located in the sign of Bootes beyond the tail of the Great Bear.
The seventh, from the star of Saturn, which, placed in the sixth heaven, is said to run its course in thirty years.
Nome: 278_invisible_incorporeal_immutably_incorporalis
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The incorporeal (incorporalis) nouns, because they lack a body (corpus), so that they cannot be seen or touched, as 'truth,' 'justice.'
23. 'Invisible,' because the Trinity never appears in its substance to the eyes of mortals unless through the form of a subject corporeal creature.
God is called 'disembodied' (incorporeus) or 'incorporeal' (incorporalis) because he is believed or understood to exist as spirit, not body (corpus, gen. corporis).
Nome: 279_saddle_sedere_sedda_benches
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Seats (sedes) are so called because among the ancient Romans there was not the practice of reclining at table, and hence they were said to 'sit down' (considere).
Hence likewise sella (i.e. another word for 'seat') is so called as if it were sedda, and benches (subsellium) as if the word were subseddium.
for a journey, as if the term were viae sternax ("smoother of the way"), fitted with soft rugs and drawn by two animals].
Nome: 280_pisistratus_cento_library_pisistratus zeal
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In fact, Proba, wife of Adelphus, copied a very full cento from Vergil on the creation of the world and the Gospels (i.e. Cento Probae), with its subject matter composed in accordance with Vergil's verses, and the verses fitted together in accordance with her subject matter.
Furthermore, all the psalms of the Hebrews are known to have been composed in lyric meter; in the manner of the Roman Horace and the Greek Pindar they run now on iambic foot, now they resound in Alcaic, now they glitter in Sapphic measure, proceeding on trimeter or tetrameter feet.
Ptolemy in particular, known as Philadelphus, and very perceptive about all kinds of literature, collected for his library not only pagan authors, but even divine literature, because he emulated Pisistratus in his zeal for libraries.
Nome: 281_bos_duck_boa_buffaloes
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Some people call the ill effects of this boa, because it is remedied with cow (bos) dung.
The boa (boas), a snake in Italy of immense size, attacks herds of cattle and buffaloes, and attaches itself to the udders of the ones flowing with plenty of milk, and kills them by suckling on them, and from this takes the name 'boa,' from the destruction of cows (bos).
The duck (ans, i.e. anas) takes its appropriate name from its persistent swimming (natare).
Nome: 282_undergoes_immutable_eternal_forever
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Immortal, as was written of him (I Timothy 6:16): "Who only hath immortality," because in his nature there is no change, for every sort of mutability not improperly is called mortality.
Whatever undergoes division also undergoes passing away, but he can neither be divided nor pass away; hence he is incorruptible.
Unfading (immarcescibilis), uncorrupted and eternal, because it is without decay (marcor) and faintness.
Nome: 283_negation_universal negation_negation universal_particular negation
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The fourth type is that which draws together a particular negation from a particular affirmation and a universal negation directly, as: "A particular just thing is decent; no decent thing is wicked; therefore that particular just thing is not wicked."
The ninth type is that which draws together a particular negation from a universal negation and a particular affirmation indirectly, as: "No wicked thing is decent; a particular decent thing is just; therefore that particular just thing is not wicked."
The fifth type is that which draws together a particular negation from a particular affirmation and a universal negation directly, as: "A particular just thing is decent; no just thing is bad; therefore a particular decent thing is not bad."
Nome: 284_70 thickly_ablactatus_arena overindulged_ablactatus withdrawn
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70. 'Thickly smeared' (delibutus), anointed with oil as is the custom for athletes or youths in the wrestling arena.
Womanizer (femellarius), one devoted to women, whom the ancients called mulierarius.] Debauched (flagitiosus), because one frequently solicits (flagitare) and desires sensual pleasure.
Voluptuous (luxuriosus), as if dissolute (solutus) with pleasure (voluptas); whence also limbs moved from their places are called luxus ("dislocated").
Nome: 285_brethren frater_frater_brethren_brotherhood
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And the Apostle says (Romans 9:3-4): "I wished myself to be an anathema from Christ, for my brethren (frater), who are my kinsmen according to the flesh, who are Israelites."
In Genesis, Abraham said to Lot (cf. 13:8): "Let there be no quarrel between me and thee, and between my herdsmen, and thy herdsmen: for we are all brethren (frater)."
In spiritual brotherhood, by which all of us Christians are called brothers, as (Psalm 132:1 Vulgate): "Behold how good and how pleasant it is for brethren (frater) to dwell together in unity."
Nome: 286_occur constellations_constellations intervene_intervene_figures occur
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Diagonals occur when five constellations intervene.
Tetragonals (tetragonus) occur when two constellations intervene.
Asyndetic figures occur when no constellations intervene.
Nome: 287_christus_called antichrist_antichrist_christ proper
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He is named 'Christ' (Christus) from 'chrism' (chrisma), that is, 'anointed one,' for it was a precept among the Jews that they would confect a sacred ointment by which those who were called to the priesthood or the kingship might be anointed.
The Hebrew 'Jesus' is translated oYt?p in Greek, and "healer" (salutaris) or "savior" (salvator) in Latin, because he has come for all nations as the 'bearer of salvation' (salutifer).
He is not, as certain simpletons suppose, called the Antichrist because he is to come before (ante) Christ, that is, that Christ would come after him.
Nome: 288_application latin_begotten loins_born ones_earth ysvo
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A familia consists of the children of free parents legally begotten from the loins (femur).
The word familia is used metaphorically for slaves, and not with its proper application.
Latin speakers use the word 'paternity' (paternitas) when many groups of a race spread from a single root.
Nome: 289_moon_shadow comes_light illuminated_happens moon
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Others maintain on the contrary that the moon does not have its own light, but is illuminated by the rays of the sun, and for this reason undergoes an eclipse when the earth's shadow comes between it and the sun.
Hence it happens that when the moon is beneath the sun, the upper part of the moon is lighted, but the lower part, which is facing the earth, is dark.]
This happens to the moon on the fifteenth lunar day, until it leaves the central part and the shadow of the intervening earth and sees the sun, or is seen by the sun.
Nome: 290_palma_pruning_palm palma_palm
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The hand with outstretched fingers is called palm (palma); when they are clenched, it is called fist (pugnus). 'Fist' is derived from 'handful' (pugillus), just as 'palm' is derived from the extended branches of the palm tree (palma).
The whetstone (cos, gen. cotis; lit. "sharp rock"a variant form of cautes above) takes its name because it sharpens (acuere) a blade for cutting, for in the Greek language 'cutting' is called cotis.
The pruning hook (falcis, i.e. falx) is used to prune trees and vines; it is called falcis because at first soldiers would use them to cut bracken (filix).
Nome: 291_cutoff_gracious_poems_iambic
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Antiphrasis (antiphrasis) is a term to be understood from its opposite, as 'grove' (lucus) because it lacks light (lux, gen. lucis), due to the excessive shade of the forest; and 'ghosts' (manes, from old Latin mani, "benevolent ones"), that is, 'mild ones' - although they are actually pitiless - and 'moderate ones' - although they are terrifying and savage (immanes); and the Parcae and Eumenides (lit. in Greek "the gracious ones"), that is, the Furies, because they spare (parcere) and are gracious to no one.
The lyric poets speak of clausulae as cutoff verses substituted for whole verses, as with Horace (Epodes 2.1): Beatus ille, qui procul negotiis (O happy he who, far from busyness), and then a cutoff verse follows: Ut prisca gens mortalium (Like the first race of mortals), and thus alternate verses in succession lack some part: similar to the verse preceding, but shorter (i.e. iambic trimeters alternate with iambic dimeters).
The grammarians are accustomed to call those poems 'centos' (cento) which piece together their own particular work in a patchwork (centonarius) manner from poems of Homer and Vergil, making a single poem out of many scattered passages previously composed, based on the possibilities offered by each source.
Nome: 292_benignus_benefacere_regard mind_benignus person
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Still, we do not say benevolus, any more than malevolus, for often a word compounded of two bases alters either the first letter (i.e. of the second base) or the last letter (i.e. of the first base) - for benevolentia (i.e. rather than benivolentia, "benevolence") has a disagreeable sound.
Brave (fortis), because one bears (ferre, 3rd person fert) adversity or whatever happens - or, from 'iron' (ferrum), because one is tough and not softened.
Kindly (gratus), because one maintains kindness (gratia) - but 'kindly' is said only with regard to the mind, whereas 'most pleasing' (gratissimus) is said with regard to both the mind and the body.
Nome: 293_called lex_lex_law called_laws
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Some laws are named from those who produced them, such as consular laws, tribunitial laws, Julian laws, Cornelian laws.
Under Caesar Augustus the suffect consuls Papius and Poppaeus introduced a law that is called 'Lex Papia Poppea' from their names; this law sets up rewards for fathers for begetting children.
produced a law, which to this day is called 'Lex Aquilia'].
Nome: 294_penetralia_abducted_abducted romans_abducted greatly
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They say the bedroom (thalamus, also "bridal chamber") is so named for this reason: when the Sabine women were abducted by the Romans, one of them, more noble than the others in appearance, was abducted and greatly admired by all, and it was the response of an oracle that she be married to the general Thalamon.
Penetralia are the secret places of oracles, and are called penetralia because they are 'interior' (penitus), that is, 'almost inside' (pene intus).
For this reason we call something that is a trouble to the mind a 'scruple' (scrupulus); hence also 'pointed' (scrupeus) stones, that is, sharp ones.
Nome: 295_conjunctions_conjunctions called_coniungere_persons lets
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A transliterator fashioned the letter of one language from the similar sound of another language (i.e. derived the names and shapes of letters of similar sound from the "earlier" language); hence we can know that the Hebrew language is the mother of all languages and letters.
The conjunction (coniunctio) is so called because it 'joins together' (coniungere) meanings and phrases, for conjunctions have no force on their own, but in their combining of other words they present, as it were, a certain glue.
Disjunctive (disiunctivus) conjunctions are so called because they disjoin things or persons, as "let's do it, you or (aut) I." Subjoined (subiunctivus) conjunctions are so called because they are attached behind (subiungere), as -que ("and").
Nome: 296_john evangelist_apocalypse_thy_131 says
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Fourth, John wrote the last Gospel in Asia, beginning with the Word, so that he might show that the same Savior who deigned to be born and to suffer for our sake was himself the Word of God before the world was, the same who came down from heaven, and after his death went back again to heaven.
John the Evangelist wrote the Apocalypse during the period when, exiled for his preaching of the Gospel, he was sent to the isle of Patmos.
Thus, this is said in a prayer to God (Psalm 79:4 Vulgate), "Shew us thy face," as if he were to say, "Grant us thy recognition."
Nome: 297_use bronze_bronze gold_animal skins_arrow came
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The use of bronze later spread to statues, vessels, and the construction of buildings.
Public proclamations in particular were written on bronze plaques for a permanent record.
The Seres export this iron along with their cloth and animal skins.
Nome: 298_wartrumpet_trumpet_wartrumpet bucina_sounding
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A war-trumpet (bucina) is the means by which a signal is given to go against an enemy, so called from its 'sound' (vox, gen. vocis), as if it were vocina - for villagers and country people on every occasion used to be called together to their meeting place by a war-trumpet; properly therefore this signal was for country people.
3. Hence afterwards in battles it was used for announcing military signals so that, where a herald could not be heard amid the tumult, the sound of a blaring trumpet (tuba) would reach.
The ancients distinguished between trumpet (tuba) and war-trumpet (bucina), for a sounding war-trumpet would announce alarm about approaching war - Vergil (Aen. 7.519): With which the dire war-trumpet gave its signal.
Nome: 299_congius_convent_monk_monachus
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From this a convent (conventum, i.e. a monastic convent, usually conventus) is named, just as a conventus is a gathering, an assembly, from the association of many in one.
The dining room (coenaculum) is named from the gathering (communio; cf. motvóç, "common"; cena, "dinner") at dinner; hence also the cloister (coenobium) is a gathering (congregatio).
A monastery (monasterium) is the dwelling of one monk (monachus), for µóvoç is Greek for 'alone' (solus), ot?ptov for 'station' - it is the dwelling of a solitary (solitarius).
Nome: 300_pounds_weighs_hemina weighs_seventytwo pounds
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This does not have two plates, but is a rod graduated with pounds and ounces, and it measures using a sliding weight.
Among the Romans, a talent is seventy[-two] pounds, as Plautus shows (The Haunted House 644), because he says two talents are 140 pounds.
An acitabulus is one quarter of an hemina, and weighs twelve drachmas.
Nome: 301_swords_turningposts_circuitus horses_circenses
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The circus (circensis) games are so called either from 'going in a circle' (circumire), or because, where the turning-posts are now, formerly swords were set up which the chariots would go around - and hence they were called circenses games after the 'swords around' (ensis + circa) which they would run.
And indeed, those driving chariots on the shore along the banks of rivers would set up swords in a row at the riverbank, and part of the art of horsemanship was to wheel around these dangerous obstacles.
Some people say the 'eggs' (i.e. objects used to mark the number of circuits of the chariots) are in honor of Pollux and Castor; these same people do not blush to believe that these two were begotten from an egg sired by Jupiter as a swan.
Nome: 302_short long_syllables short_syllables_accented levelly
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), while Italiam ought to be said with short syllables.] Systole is an improper shortening, as [
The opposite of symphony is diaphony (diaphonia), that is, when voices are discrepant, or dissonant.
A chorea is a trifling entertainment in song or the steps of a dancing band.
Nome: 303_indefinite_effects effectum_indefinite infinitus_effectum
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Seven are indefinite: quis (who), qualis (what sort), talis (such), quantus (how much), tantus (so much), quotus (where in order), totus (such in order).
So in his De interpretatione the philosopher mentioned above treats seven types: the substantive, the verb, the phrase, the proposition, affirmation, negation, and contradiction (nomen, verbum, oratio, enuntiatio, affirmatio, negatio, contradictio).
Some inhere in the thing itself that is in question; others, which are called 'effects' (effectum), are understood to be drawn in a certain way from other matters; others are taken from outside (extrinsecus).
Nome: 304_wolf story_wolf_falls silent_suddenly falls
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To the situation, as in "the wolf in the story": peasants say that a person would lose his voice if he saw a wolf in front of him.
Thus the proverb, "the wolf in the story," is said to someone who suddenly falls silent.
Parathesis occurs when as it were we insert something incomplete into the memories of the judges, saying that we will return to it when the right moment comes.
Nome: 305_bactrians_parthians_exiles_scythian
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It is called solecism from the Cilicians, who came from the city Soloe, now called Pompeiopolis; when, while dwelling among other peoples, they mixed their own and other languages incorrectly and incongruously, they gave their name to solecism.
The Parthians likewise take their origin from the Scythians, for they were Scythian exiles, which is still evident from their name, for in the Scythian language exiles are called parthi.
Like the Bactrians, after being driven by civil dissension from Scythia they first stealthily occupied the empty territory adjacent to the Hircanians, and then seized more land by force.
Nome: 306_conquer_arrived untimely_exist leaves_expression matter
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As it may blame: "Riches are the long travelmoney of a short life."
Whence the expression, "you have arrived 'at an untimely moment' (intempestive)."
Whence the proverbial expression, for a matter to be "at a turning point" (in cardine).
Nome: 307_personality_irony ironia_occurs personality_prosopopoeia
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And so, by a different tone of voice, the entire thing is made known through a display of irony, by which one derides by praising.
Prosopopoeia occurs when personality and speech are invented for inanimate things.
Personification (prosopopoeia) occurs when personality and speech are contrived for inanimate things.
Nome: 308_rus_rusticus_open country_pasture
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However, storehouses (apotheca) or granaries (horreum) can be called repositories (repostorium) or 'hoarding places' (reconditorium) by literal translation (cf. ?
There is the arable (arvus) field, that is, for sowing; or the plantable (consitus), that is, suitable for trees; or pasture (pascuus), set apart for grass and herds only; or the floral (florus), because these are garden spots fit for bees and flowers.
9.A field is called 'common pasture' (compascuus) when it is left out of the division of the fields in order to 'provide pasturage in common' (pascere communiter) among neighbors.
Nome: 309_mullet mullus_mullus_luteus_rainbow
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He is called Esau, that is, "red," so named for his stewing specifically of the red lentil, for the eating of which he lost his birthright.
It is called iris (lit. "rainbow") by analogy, for if it is struck by sunlight while indoors it recreates on the walls nearby the shape and colors of the rainbow.
Those in white are dedicated to the zephyrs and mild weather; the greens to flowers and the earth; the blues to water or air, because they are of sky-blue color; the saffrons or yellows to fire and the sun; the purples to Iris, whom we call the rainbow, because it has many colors.
Nome: 310_immunis_official_assume official_ambition trod
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Again: philosophy is a meditation on death, a definition more suitable for Christians who, with worldly ambition trod under heel, and a disciplined way of life, live out the likeness of their future homeland.
Again, immunis, one who does not fulfill his duties (munia), that is, perform his official function, for he is devoid of any special claim.
Honest (sincerus), as if the term were 'without corruption' (sine corruptione), of which the opposite is dishonest (insincerus), "tainted, corrupt."
Nome: 311_amazingly sweet_choaspes_karkheh_sweet waters
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The Choaspes (i.e. the Karkheh) is a river in Persia, so named in their language because it has amazingly sweet waters, such that the Persian kings claimed the drinking water from it for themselves for the distance that the river runs between Persian riverbanks.
The Syrian river called the Orontes flows along the walls of Antioch; originating (oriens) from the east (solis ortus), it joins the sea not far from that city.
The Cydnus is a river in Cilicia that comes from Mount Taurus, possessing amazingly sweet waters, and is so called because whatever is white the Syrians call cydnus in their native language.
Nome: 312_olea_olives called_olives_oleum
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The oleomela tree grows in Palmyra, a city in Syria, so called because from its trunk an oil (oleum) flows as thick as honey, with a sweet taste.
68. 'Olive oil' (oleum) is named from the olive tree (olea), for as I have already said, olea is the tree, from which is derived the word oleum.
What is pressed from tawny, immature olives is called 'green oil,' but what comes from overly mature olives is called 'common.'
Nome: 313_pavement_pavire_ootpa_rammed pavire
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Pavements (pavimentum) that are worked out with the skill of a picture have a Greek origin; mosaics (lithostratum) are made from little pieces of shell and tiles colored in various hues.
An ostracus is a tiled pavement, because it consists of broken-up pots mixed with lime, for Greeks call pots ootpa.
An ostracus is a pavement made of tiles, so named because it is pounded from broken tiles mixed with lime, for the Greeks call pulverized tile ootpa.
Nome: 314_lesser number_multiple_submultiple_number compared
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11.A multiple superparticular number is one that, when compared to a number less than itself, contains with itself the entire lesser number multiple times, along with another part of the lesser number.
A submultiple [sub]superparticular number is one that, when compared to a number greater than itself, is contained by that number a multiple of times along with one other part of itself; as for example, when 2 is compared to 5, 2 is contained by 5 two times, along with one part of 2.] A multiple superpartional (superpartionalis) number is one that, when compared to a number less than itself, contains the lesser number a multiple number of times along with some other parts of the lesser number.
A submultiple superpartional number is one which, when compared to a number greater than itself, is contained by that number a multiple number of times, together with some other parts of itself.
Nome: 315_white spots_aethiopicus color_aethiopicus_black ink
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The Artabatitans of Ethiopia are said to walk on all fours, like cattle; none passes the age of forty.
There is so much strength in its black ink that some say that when it is placed in a lamp, with the light first removed, people appear to be Ethiopian.
In Ethiopia there is a lake that makes bodies drenched with it glisten, just as oil does.
Nome: 316_tone voice_tone_concessive_conceived mind
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Between irony and antiphrasis there is this difference: that irony expresses what one intends to be understood through the tone of voice alone, as when we say to someone doing everything poorly, "You're doing a good job," while antiphrasis signifies the contrary not through the tone of voice, but only through its words, whose source has the opposite meaning.
3. Aristotle, a man most skilled in the manner of expressing things and in forming statements, names this perihermenia, which we call 'interpretation' (interpretatio), specifically because things conceived in the mind are rendered (interpretari) in expressed words through cataphasis and apophasis, that is affirmation and negation.
This explains the word for the matter in question by one other single word, and in a certain way it declares with the single second word what is stated in the single first word, as "conticescere ('be quiet') is tacere ('be silent')."
Nome: 317_masc_hic_pronouns_pronoun
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The opposite of this is an epicene (epicoenos) noun, because it expresses either sex with a single gender, as in hic piscis ("this fish").
By them we indicate someone who is present, as hic, haec, hoc ("this one" (masc., fem., and neut.)); these three are also called articles.
But when it is not joined, then it is a demonstrative pronoun, as hic et haec et hoc ("this one (masc.)
Nome: 318_base trunk_burdock_burdock lappa_called granomastix
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Hence its fruit is a 'cone' (conus), because in its rotundity it imitates a conic shape.
Its juice was first called lacsir because it flows like milk (lac), and then it was named laser in derivative usage.
Burdock (lappa) is so called because it has a huge stalk extending across the ground.
Nome: 319_skirmishes_pugna_fists_proelium
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Formerly a war was called a duel (duellum), because there are two (duo) factions in combat, or because war makes one the victor, the other the defeated.
A battle (pugna) is so called because originally people used to fight wars with their fists (pugnus), or because a war would first begin with fistfights (pugna).
And a school of gladiators (gladiator) is so called because in it youths learn the use of arms with various moves, at one time competing among themselves with swords (gladius) or fists, at another going out against wild animals.
Nome: 320_according augurs_waxes_wanes_weather
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Natural History 32.7): "From the Indian Ocean the electric ray, even if it is far distant, or if it is touched with a spear or stick, numbs one's muscle, no matter how strong it is, and fetters one's feet, no matter how swift they are."
Thus, according to augurs, it is said to portend ill fortune, for when it has been seen in a city, they say that it signifies desolation.
In that place exist neither the warmth generated by sunlight, nor any breath of air stirred by the movement of the sun, but instead a perpetual numbness, for taptap(c)S?tv means "shuddering" and "trembling" in Greek.
Nome: 321_sequi_following sequi_sequi ppl_follow sequi
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secutus) and 'holding' (tenere), for we use the term 'sects' of attitudes of mind and institutions associated witha precept or premise which people hold and follow when in the practice of religion they believe things that are quite different from what others believe.
Subordinate (secundus), because one is 'beside the feet' (secus pedes), and the term is derived from servants who follow (sequi, ppl.
secutus) those things it has begun, for 'to cut' (secare) is to 'pursue' (sectare) and 'follow' (sequi).
Nome: 322_dissembler_mischievous_evil_gloria
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The term 'pitying' (misericors) is assigned from one's having compassion for another's distress (miseria), and from this pity (misericordia) is so called, because it makes miserable (miserum) the heart (cor) of one who grieves over the distress of another.
Moreover, from malus the comparative is peior ("worse, more evil"); from bonus ("good, a good person") the comparative is deterior ("worse, not as good").
Most people distinguish mischievous (nequam) from evil (malus), reckoning the latter as destructive, the former as trifling, as Munatius says (unidentified fragment): "This youth is mischievous, but he is not evil" - that is, bad in a trifling, not a destructive way.
Nome: 323_palate_nare_activated_air touched
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He is the 'Mouth of God' (Os Dei) because he is his Word, for just as we often say 'this tongue' and 'that tongue' for 'words,' which are made by the tongue, so 'Mouth' is substituted for the 'Word of God,' because words are normally formed by the mouth.
Nostrils (naris, ablative nare) are so called, because through them odor and breath ceaselessly 'swim' (nare), or because they warn us with odor, so that we 'know' (noscere, with forms in nor-) and understand something.
The windpipe (arteria) is so called either because by its means air (aer), that is, breath, is conducted from the lungs, or else because it retains the vital breath in tight (artus) and narrow passageways, whence it emits the sounds of the voice.
Nome: 324_inermis_inactive time_unarmed_time perceived
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The 'dead of night' (intempestum) is the middle and inactive time (tempus) of night, when nothing can be done and all things are at rest in sleep, for time is not perceived on its own account, but by way of human activities, and the middle of the night lacks activity.
Again, the spurius son is born from an unknown father and from a widowed mother, as if he were the son of a spurium only - for the ancients termed the female generative organs spurium, as though the term derived from the term opópoç, that is, "seed" - and he has no name from his father.
Further, we say exanimis or exanimus, as we say unanimus or unanimis ("of one mind"), and inermus or inermis ("unarmed"), and this is a matter of our whim.
Nome: 325_marble_marble types_marble called_carrara
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From there a very intense vermilion may be separated out, as well as other pigments with which the coloring of paintings is varied.
There is a difference between stone and marble; exceptional stones that are prized for their markings and colors are called 'marble.'
Lesbian marble is slightly more bluish than Thasian, but also has spots of various colors.
Nome: 326_hut_cassis_camisia_hood
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The cassis was named by the Etruscans, and I think they named that helmet cassis from the word 'head' (caput).
The casula is a hooded garment, named as a diminutive of 'hut' (casa), because it covers the whole person, like a small hut.
This is also called a cappa (i.e. another word for 'hood,' or perhaps 'kerchief '), because it has two tips like the letter kappa, or because it is an ornament for the head (caput).
Nome: 327_beginnings gentile_believers priests_bishop times_called getae
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Hippolytus, bishop in the times of the emperor Alexander, first wrote out the Easter cycle.
This was a figure of the beginnings of gentile believers.
The Pelagians originated with the monk Pelagius.
Nome: 328_final battle_fray_midst fray_rush midst
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): Nos te Dardania incensa tuaque arma secuti, nos tumidum sub te permensi classibus aequor (We followed you and your troops from burning Dardania, we traversed the swollen sea in a fleet under your command).
Excessere omnes aditis arisque relictis dii, quibus inperium hoc steterat; succurritis urbi incensae; moriamur et in media arma ruamus.
They have all left the abandoned shrines and altars, the gods on whom this empire was established; you are helping a burning city; let us die and rush into the midst of the fray).
Nome: 329_canna_reed_reed canna_arundo
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The ancients placed the letter K first whenever an A followed, as in kaput ("head"), kanna ("reed"), kalamus ("cane").
5. 'Reed' (calamus, i.e. the reed plant, and also a name for a reed-pipe) is the particular name of a tree, and comes from 'rousing' (calere), that is, from 'pouring forth' voices.
It should be understood that the Latin canna derives from Hebrew: in Hebrew canna means "reed" (calamus).
Nome: 330_prae_proem_things present_senses prae
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A proem (prooemium) is the beginning of a discourse, for proems are the first parts of books, which are joined on before the presentation of the main matter in order to prepare the ears of the audience.
Many, skilled in their Latinity, use the name 'proem' without translation, but among us the translated term has the name 'preface' (praefatio; cf. praefari, ppl.
Hence one speaks of things that are present (praesentia), because they are 'before the senses' (prae sensibus), just as we call things that are present to our eyes 'before our eyes' (prae oculis).
Nome: 331_flows dead_borders egypt_mount libanus_judea arabia
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Sallust, a most trustworthy authority, asserts (Histories 4.77) that the Tigris and the Euphrates flow from a single source in Armenia; taking different courses they flow further apart, leaving a space of many miles in between.
It originates at the foot of Mount Libanus (i.e. Mt. Lebanon), and separates Judea from Arabia; after many twists and turns it flows into the Dead Sea near Jericho.
It stretches from Mount Atlas in the west to the borders of Egypt in the east, bounded in the south by the Ocean and in the north by the river Nile.
Nome: 332_austronotius_boreus_boreus southern_called boreus
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The movement of the sphere is caused by its turning on two axes, one of which is the northern, which never sets, and is called Boreus; and the other is the southern axis, which is never seen, and is called Austronotius.
Now indeed the people called Antipodes (i.e. "opposite-footed") - because they are thought to be contrary to our footprints, as if from under the earth they make footprints upside-down from ours - are on no account to be believed in, because neither the solidity nor the central space of the earth allows this.
Apart from these three parts of the world there exists a fourth part, beyond the Ocean, further inland toward the south, which is unknown to us because of the burning heat of the sun; within its borders are said to live the legendary Antipodes.
Nome: 333_campania_campania named_falernian_guided
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She is called Cumana (cumana) after the city Cumae, which is in Campania; her sepulcher remains in Sicily to this day.
Ligurian settlers founded the island of Corsica, naming it after the one who guided them there, a certain Ligurian woman by the name of Corsa, who saw a bull from the herd she was guarding close to the shore habitually swim across and return fattened shortly afterwards.
Falernian (Falernus) wine is named from the Falernian region of Campania, where the best wines originate.
Nome: 334_soul_body kind_blood possession_elements come
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Whence it plays the role, so to speak, of the soul itself, which watches over the body.
This, a kind of likeness of the soul, expresses the movement of the mind, whether it is joyful or sad, through its own look.
But when you see it, it admonishes the mind and brings you back to mindfulness so that you remember the dead person.
Nome: 335_purplish_ophite_purple white_markings
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They are different from ophite in that ophite, as we said above, has markings like a snake, while these have markings combined in a different way - for Augustean markings are undulating and curled into whorls, while Tiberian are of gray that is spotty and not swirled.
Its varieties occur in purple and white, and it has a fiery look, with reflections of colors such as are seen in a rainbow.
It is dark blue in color, producing a wonderful mixture of purple and blue.
Nome: 336_disagree_said god_aspire_commands disagree
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Others disagree concerning the state of the world: some believe in countless worlds, some assert that water is co-eternal with God.
These heresies, although they disagree with each other, differing among themselves in many errors, nevertheless conspire with a common name against the Church of God.
Thus some, like Dionysius the Stoic, said that God is this world of the four elements visible to the bodily sense.
Nome: 337_dominion_endured_adonai_broadly means
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And for this reason we say in conversation, "God lives," because his Being lives with a life that death has no hold over.
Seventh, Adonai, which broadly means "Lord" (Dominus), because he has dominion (dominari) over every creature, or because every creature is subservient to his lordship (dominatus).
Only the man endured the cross, but because of the unity of Person, the God also is said to have endured it.
Nome: 338_zones_heaven seven_regions inhabited_zones zona
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There are five zones (zona) in the heavens, and based on their differences, certain regions are inhabited due to their temperate climate, and certain regions are uninhabitable from the brutality of the cold or heat.
Our dwelling-place is divided into zones according to the circles of the sky and has allowed some regions to be inhabited due to their mildness, and denied this to other regions due to their excessive cold or heat.
There are five zones, which are either called zones (zona, lit. "belt") or circles because they consist of a circle drawn around the sphere of the world.
Nome: 339_tuba_trumpet tuba_trumpet_asclepiades
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The physician Asclepiades also restored a certain victim of frenzy to perfect health through harmonious sounds.
): The Tyrrhenian clangor of the trumpet (tuba) blasted through the air.
This trumpet was conceived of by Tyrrhenian pirates, when, scattered along the seashore, they were not easily called together by voice or bucina to each opportunity for booty, especially with the wind roaring.
Nome: 340_babylon_idols_claimed_words worshipping
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When the people of God came into Babylon, many of them abandoned their wives and took up with Babylonian women; but some were content with Israelite wives only, or they were born (genitus) from these, and when they returned from Babylon, they separated themselves from the population as a whole and claimed for themselves this boastful name.]
who were transported to that place, when Israel was captive and led off to Babylon, coming to the land of the region of Samaria, kept the customs of the Israelites in part, which they had learned from a priest who had been brought back, and in part they kept the pagan custom that they had possessed in the land of their birth.
There are the Apellites (Apellita), of whom Apelles was the leader; he imagined that the creator was some sort of glorious angel of the supreme God, and claimed that this fiery being is the God of the Law of Israel, and said that Christ was not God in truth, but appeared as a human being in fantasy.
Nome: 341_reject_testament accept_accept_accept books
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They accept only monks, reject marriage, and do not believe that children possess the kingdom of heaven.
He established his heresy, being unwilling to receive apostates and rebaptizing the baptized.
When he comes he will pretend that he is Christ, and there will be a struggle against him, and he will oppose the sacraments of Christ in order to destroy the gospel of his truth.
Nome: 342_vehicle_carrum_wheels_gouges aurire
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The charioteer (auriga) is properly so called because he 'drives and guides' (agere et regere), or because he 'beats' (ferire) the yoked horses, for one who 'gouges' (aurire) is one who 'beats' (ferire), as (Vergil, Aen. 10.314): He gouges (aurire, i.e. haurire, lit. "drink") the open side.
A wagon (carrum) is so called from the axle (cardo) of its wheels, and hence 'chariot' (currus) is named, for it is seen to have wheels.
A cart (plaustrum) is a two-wheeled vehicle that carries burdens, and is called plaustrum because it rolls, as if one said pilastrum (cf. pila, "ball.").
Nome: 343_ointments_scent_ointments named_ingredients
Quantidade de documentos: 10
And some ointments are named after their inventors, as is amaracinum: some people report that a certain royal youth, Amaracus by name, fell by accident when he was carrying many kinds of ointments and created a greater scent from the mixing.
There are still others that are named from the aromatic quality of their material, such as 'oil of roses' (rosaceum) from 'rose' (rosa) and 'henna ointment' (quiprinum, i.e. cyprinum) from 'henna' (quiprum, i.e. cyprum) - hence these also carry the scent of their own material.
An example is anetinum, for this is unmixed, from oil and dill (anetum) alone. 'Composite' ointments, however, are those made from many ingredients mixed together, and these do not bear a scent associated with their name, because the scent they produce is indeterminate, as the other ingredients that are mixed in persist in their own scents.
Nome: 344_beams_bases basis_beams hewn_basis props
Quantidade de documentos: 10
It is most pleasing for the molded figures and cornices of buildings.
Huge columns and lintels and beams are made from it.
Molaris stone is useful for walls because it has a rather dense nature.
Nome: 345_mortar_pestle_mortarium_mortar mortarium
Quantidade de documentos: 10
A mortar is a concave vessel suited to use by physicians, in which, properly, grains are usually ground for tisanes and herbs for drugs are crushed.
Therefore both the mortar (pila) and the pestle (pilum), by which grain is crushed, were invented by this man, and are named after his name.
Whence among the ancients the term was not 'millers' (molitor) but 'pounders' (pistor), as if it were pinsores, from their crushing (pinsere) the kernels of grain - for they did not yet use millstones (mola), but would crush grain with a pestle.
Nome: 346_artus_joints_catch hold_compingere
Quantidade de documentos: 10
The sides of leaves are called pages (pagina) because they are bound (compingere, perfect tense compegi) to one another.
The joints (artus) are so called because, being bound to each other by the tendons, they are 'drawn together' (artare), that is, they are bound tight.
The diminutive form of artus is articulus; we use the word artus in reference to main limbs, like the arms, but the word articulus in reference to minor limbs like the fingers.
Nome: 347_fundamentum_foundation fundamentum_fundus_amentum lances
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From the same root are derived the terms ballista (i.e. a kind of catapult), as if it were "the one thrown," and fundibalum (i.e. another such machine; see XVIII.x.2).
The ancients called temples with fountains, where people would be washed before entering, 'springshrines' (delubrum), and these shrines were thus named after 'washing' (diluere).
The same person is called a tignarius because he applies plaster to the wood (cf. tignum, "piece of timber, beam").
Nome: 348_herod_samaria_samaria region_named caesarea
Quantidade de documentos: 10
5. Lake Tiberius is named from the town Tiberias, which Herod at one time founded in honor of Tiberius Caesar, and it is more salubrious than all the other lakes in Judea, and more efficacious somehow at healing bodies.
Samaria is a region in Palestine that received its name from a certain city called Samaria, which was once a royal residence in Israel; nowadays it is known as Sebastia, a name that is derived from Augustus (cf. o?ßaotóç, "august").
Sennacherib, king of the Assyrians, built Samaria, from which the whole region that surrounded it took its name, and he called it 'Samaria,' that is, 'The Watch,' because when he delivered Israel into the hands of the Medes he set watchmen there.
Nome: 349_road public_roads_road_diversus
Quantidade de documentos: 10
Forks (divortium) are turnings of roads, that is, roads extending in diverse (diversus) directions.
Likewise there are side-paths (diverticulum), that is, diverging (diversus) and dividing (divisae) roads, or crossing paths that lead from the side of the main road.
A sidewalk (ambitus) is a two-and-a-half-foot space between the buildings of neighbors, left as an easement for the purpose of walking around the building, and so called from 'walking' (ambulare).
Nome: 350_footprint_arranged circle_island called_cyclades
Quantidade de documentos: 10
Due to its mild climate it was first called Macaronnesos (cf. µam?ptoç, "blessed"; v?ooç "isle"); thereafter it was called Crete (Creta), after one of its inhabitants, a certain Cres (gen. Cretis), who people say was one of the Curetes; Jupiter was concealed there and nursed by them.
Abydos is an island in Europe, positioned above the Hellespont, cut off by a narrow and dangerous sea; it is called *ßU6oç in Greek because it is at the entrance to the Hellespont, where Xerxes built a bridge constructed from ships and crossed over into Greece (cf. ?
The Cyclades were in ancient times islands of Greece, and people believe that they were called Cyclades because, although they project out a rather long way from Delos, they are nevertheless arranged in a circle around it - for the Greeks call a circle mám2oç. But others think that they are so called not because the islands are arranged in a circle, but because of the sharp rocks that are situated around them (i.e. that encircle them).
Nome: 351_afar looks_afterward island_africa nation_banks seen
Quantidade de documentos: 10
The incredible lie, inwhich something is not believed to have been done, as the youth who, standing on the Sicilian shore, saw the fleet approach Africa.
There, it is said, is a channel from the sea that is so twisted, with winding banks, that when seen from afar it looks like the coils of a serpent.
Eager to discover his unknown pasture, when he strayed from the herd she followed the bull in a boat to the island.
Nome: 352_cinnabarcolored_cinnabarcolored green_artificially_artificially construct
Quantidade de documentos: 10
Two kinds occur: a soft white kind and a hard black kind.
It consists of three colors; the base is black, the middle is white and the upper layer is cinnabar-red.
People artificially construct these from various kinds: black, white, and cinnabar-colored.
Nome: 353_arsenic takes_banquet gleams_best arsenic_appears best
Quantidade de documentos: 10
They add great beauty to gold with their loveliness of color.
The second, which is found naturally and held in esteem, is 'metallic electrum.'
Electrum that is natural has a character such that at a banquet it gleams even more brightly by lamplight than all the other metals.
Nome: 354_porro_far porro_proiectus_fugitive
Quantidade de documentos: 10
Whence Varro in his work on Plautus says that prosis lectis (read as prose) means 'straightforwardly,' and thus a discourse that is not inflected by meter, but is straightforward, is called prose in that it extends (producere) directly.
Fugitive (fugitivus): nobody is correctly so called except one who flees (fugere, 3rd person fugit) froma master, for if a little boy runs away from his nurse or from school he is not a fugitivus.
Projecting (proiectus), 'thrown out far' (porro eiectus) and 'thrust forth' (proiactatus), whence also (Vergil, Aen. 3.699): And the projecting (proiectus) rocks, that is, thrust far out (porro iactatus).
Nome: 355_befalls people_called perfect_blessed good_believes called
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Those who lord it over their slaves in an unfair manner could never reckon themselves to be called by this term.
Further, a person is indeed blessed who both has all the good things that he wants, and wishes for nothing wickedly.
They cannot be called hypocrites from the moment they reveal themselves outwardly.
Nome: 356_age latinus_aristotle hermagoras_aquila symmachus_atheniensis
Quantidade de documentos: 10
This discipline was invented by the Greeks, by Gorgias, Aristotle, and Hermagoras, and was carried over into Latin culture by Cicero and Quintilian
Most Latin speakers are doubtful whether the Epistle to the Hebrews is by Paul, because of the dissonance of its style, and some suspect that Barnabas collaborated in its writing, and others that it was written by Clement.
There were also other translators who translated the sacred writings from Hebrew into Greek, such as Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion, and also that common (vulgaris) translation (i.e. the early Latin translation called Itala or Vetus Latina), whose authorship is not evident - for this reason the work is designated the Fifth Edition (Quinta Editio) without the name of the translator.
Nome: 357_temple jerusalem_completed fifth_burnt story_destroyed led
Quantidade de documentos: 10
Israel] when they [were destroyed and] were led captive.
The kingdoms of Israel and Judah are divided.
The fifth reconstruction of Jerusalem is devised.
Nome: 358_atom_atoms bodies_atom time_bodies atom
Quantidade de documentos: 10
The limbs (membrum) are the parts of the body.
The bones (os, gen. ossis) are the firm parts of the body.
This particle is the atom in bodies.
Nome: 359_day light_type day_light day_case day
Quantidade de documentos: 10
Also those six directions have two aspects, [that is, situation and time. 'Situation,' as] 'far' and 'near.' 'Time,' as 'yesterday,' 'today.'
The third type is thus: "It cannot be the case that it is both day and not light; yet it is day; therefore it is light."
The seventh type is thus: "It cannot be the case that it is both day and night; yet it is not night; therefore it is day."
Nome: 360_like etna_etna_lame_aeolians vulcanians
Quantidade de documentos: 10
Hence are named geomancy (geomantia), hydromancy (hydromantia), aeromancy (aeromantia), and pyromancy (pyromantia).
There lies Mount Chimera, which exhales fire in nightly surges, like Etna in Sicily and Vesuvius in Campania.
These islands are also called Vulcanian, because they burn like Etna (i.e. site of the forge of Vulcan).
Nome: 361_assyrians_son shem_assyria_syrians
Quantidade de documentos: 10
The Assyrians were named for Assur, the son of Shem - a very powerful nation, which held sway over the whole middle region between the Euphrates and the Indian border.
The Syrians are held to be named from Surim (i.e. Asshurim), who was the grandson of Abraham from his wife Keturah.
The turban was invented by the Assyrian queen Semiramis; that nation has retained this type of ornament from then up until today.
Nome: 362_amphitheater_spectacle_half amphitheater_theater
Quantidade de documentos: 10
A theater (theatrum) is named from 'spectacle' (spectaculum), from the term 9?Yp(c)a ("spectacle"), because people standing in it and watching (spectare) from above gaze at stage-plays.
And an amphitheater (amphitheatrum) is so called because it is composed of two theaters (cf. ?µ??(c), "on both sides"), for an amphitheater is round, but a theater consists of half an amphitheater, having the shape of a semicircle.
The amphitheater (amphitheatrum) is so called because it is composed of two theaters, for an amphitheater is round, whereas a theater, having a semicircular shape, is half an amphitheater.
Nome: 363_aunts_tankard_portulaca_reins lorum
Quantidade de documentos: 10
Paternal aunts (De amitis)
Maternal aunts (De materteris)
Platter (lancis, i.e. lanx) . .
Nome: 364_activates entire_association soul_discovers head_body senses
Quantidade de documentos: 10
Incorrectly, the whole human is named from this term, that is, the whole human consisting of both substances, the association of soul and body.
They are called senses (sensus), because with their help the soul activates the entire body in a most subtle way with the power of sensation (sentire).
Indeed, every indication of the mental state is in the eyes, whence both distress and happiness show in the eyes.
Nome: 365_adoption_alumnus_designated ways_soninlaw
Quantidade de documentos: 10
Children also by adoption (adoptio), the kind everyone is familiar with in human society, or as we address God "Our Father, who art in heaven," as our father by adoption, not nature.
19. 'Natural children' (naturalis) means those belonging to freeborn concubines, whom nature alone begot, not the chastity of marriage.
3. Foster-son (alumnus), so called from fostering (alere), although both he who fosters and he who is fostered can be called alumnus - that is, he who nourishes and he who is nourished - but still, the better use is for one who is nourished.
Nome: 366_hominibus_inter_alter dissertus_strictus term
Quantidade de documentos: 10
as if someone were to say inter hominibus ("between men," with hominibus in the wrong case) instead of inter homines].
fatus) and make true predictions about the future.
dissertus), for he discusses things methodically.
Nome: 367_tritonia_121 says_africa reported_air depicted
Quantidade de documentos: 10
Vesta, because she is clothed (vestire) with plants and various things, or from 'enduring by her own power' (vi sua stare).
They depicted cocks as serving this goddess to signify that whoever lacks seed should follow the earth; in her depth they may find all things.
She is called both Minerva and Tritonia, for Triton is a swamp in Africa, around which it is reported that she appeared at a maidenly age, on account of which she is called Tritonia.
Nome: 368_ferrugo_chalk_ostrum_dye
Quantidade de documentos: 10
The 'purple pigment' (purpurissum) is made from silversmiths' chalk; this chalk is dyed with murex and soaks up the color in the same way that wool does but more quickly.
Nevertheless, the superior pigment is something else that has been soaked in a vat with raw dye-stuffs, and the next best is when silversmiths' chalk is added to the dye liquid once the first batch has been removed.
Usta (i.e. a red pigment), which is especially indispensable, is produced with no trouble, for if you heat a clump of good flinty stone in the fire, and quench it with very sour vinegar, a sponge drenched in it produces a purple color.
Nome: 369_scutum_clipeus_buckler_shield
Quantidade de documentos: 10
1.A 'bronze shield' (clipeus) is a rather large buckler, so called because it shields (clipeare), that is, it covers, the body and removes it from danger, after the term m2spt?tv (i.e. "steal, disguise").
A dish (discus) formerly was named scus after its resemblance to a shield (scutum); hence also 'salver' (scutella).
A small pan (patella), as if the word were patula ("spread out"), for it is an olla witha rather open (patere) rim.